Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future

Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future......Page 1
Contents......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 21
Preface......Page 25
1.1 Wider Context......Page 27
1.3 A Focus......Page 28
1.5 Final Opening Remarks......Page 30
References......Page 31
2.1 Introduction......Page 33
2.2.1 The SPAC......Page 34
2.2.2 Transpiration......Page 35
2.2.3 Liquid Water Transport through Trees and the Role of Hydraulic Architecture......Page 40
2.2.4 Water Uptake by Roots......Page 45
2.3.1 Evaporation and Transpiration......Page 47
2.4 Applying Concepts: Changes in Hydrologic Processes through the Life Cycle of Forests......Page 48
2.4.2 Impacts of Tree Size on Stomatal Conductance and Whole-tree Water Use......Page 49
2.4.3 Age-related Change in Transpiration, Interception and Water Storage on the Forest Stand Level......Page 51
2.4.5 Implications for Predictive Models......Page 53
References......Page 54
3.1 Introduction......Page 63
3.3 Invertebrate Conservation and ERS Habitats......Page 64
3.4 Flow Disturbance in ERS Habitats......Page 66
3.5 The Importance of Flow Disturbance for ERS Invertebrate Ecology......Page 67
3.5.1 Principle (i): Physical Variability and ERS Invertebrates......Page 68
3.5.2 Principle (ii): Life History Patterns and Function Ecology......Page 73
3.5.3 Principle (iii): Lateral and Longitudinal Connectivity and Population Viability......Page 74
3.6 How Much Disturbance is Needed to Sustain ERS Diversity?......Page 76
3.8 Conclusions......Page 78
References......Page 79
4.1 Introduction......Page 83
4.2 What Controls Aquatic–Terrestrial Flows?......Page 84
4.2.2 Subsidies from Water to Land......Page 85
4.3.1 Aquatic–Terrestrial Subsidies in Forested Headwater Streams......Page 87
4.3.2 Aquatic–Terrestrial Subsidies in a Braided River Reach......Page 89
4.3.3 Aquatic–Terrestrial Subsidies in Temperate Lowland Rivers......Page 92
4.4.2 River Channelization and Regulation......Page 93
4.6 Future Research......Page 94
References......Page 95
5.2 Definition of Disturbance......Page 101
5.3 Disturbances and Responses......Page 102
5.4 Disturbance and Refugia......Page 103
5.5.1 The Disturbance......Page 104
5.6.1 The Disturbance......Page 105
5.7.1 Constrained Streams......Page 106
5.8.1 Impacts......Page 108
5.8.2 Recovery from Drought......Page 111
5.9 Summary......Page 112
5.10 Hydrological Disturbances and Future Challenges......Page 113
References......Page 114
6.1 Introduction......Page 119
6.2.1 Fluvial Ecosystem Function: Biogeochemical Dynamics......Page 120
6.2.2 Fluvial Ecosystem Structure: Biotic Communities......Page 121
6.3.1 In Space......Page 122
6.3.3 An Analysis of Flow Variability Dependency with Basin Area......Page 125
6.3.4 Linkage Between SGW and Flow Dynamics......Page 129
6.4.1 Material Delivery to and within Fluvial Ecosystems......Page 130
6.4.2 Modulation of Nutrient and Organic Matter Delivery by the Riparian Interface Zone......Page 131
6.4.3 In-stream Biogeochemical Function and Flow Variability......Page 132
References......Page 134
7.1 Introduction......Page 139
7.2 Ecohydrological Controls on Streamflow......Page 140
7.3 Simulation Studies of Ecohydrological Effects of Climate Change......Page 142
7.4 Experimental Studies of Ecohydrological Effects of Climate Change......Page 143
7.5 Differing Perspectives of Hydrologists and Ecologists......Page 147
7.6 Future Research Needs......Page 148
7.7 Postscript......Page 149
References......Page 150
8.1 River–Floodplain–Lake Systems and the Limits of Monitoring......Page 155
8.2 Key Concepts......Page 156
8.3.1 Dendrohydrology......Page 158
8.3.3 Chironomids (Non-biting Midges)......Page 159
8.3.5 Diatoms......Page 160
8.3.6 Pollen and Spores......Page 161
8.4 Palaeoecohydrology, Restoration and Enhancement......Page 162
8.5 Case study I. The River Culm in South-west England......Page 163
8.6 Case Study II. The Changing Status of Danish Lakes......Page 164
8.7 Conclusions......Page 167
References......Page 168
9.1 Introduction......Page 173
9.2 Research Contexts: Questions, Scales, Accuracy and Precision......Page 174
9.3 Direct Hydrological Methods for Assessing SGW Interactions......Page 176
9.3.2 Mini-piezometers and Groundwater Mapping......Page 177
9.4.1 Water Temperature and Thermal Patterns......Page 183
9.4.2 Water Chemistry and Chemical Signatures......Page 184
9.4.3 Dyes and Added Tracers......Page 185
9.5 Future Technical Challenges and Opportunities......Page 186
References......Page 187
10.1 Introduction......Page 191
10.2 The Requirement for Hydroecological Data......Page 192
10.4 Importance of Scale......Page 193
10.5 River Flow Data: Collection and Analysis......Page 197
10.6 Ecological Data: Collection and Analysis......Page 198
10.7 Integration of Hydrological and Ecological Data for Hydroecological Analysis......Page 201
10.8 River Flow Variability and Ecological Response: Future Directions and Challenges......Page 202
References......Page 204
11.2 Scale, the Grain of Instream Habitat and the Need for Remotely Sensed Data......Page 211
11.3.1 Image Processing......Page 214
11.3.2 Photogrammetry......Page 216
11.3.3 Laser Scanning......Page 220
11.5.1 Principles......Page 222
11.6.1 Principles......Page 223
11.7 Example Application: Substrate Mapping in a Salmon River......Page 224
References......Page 226
12.1 Introduction......Page 231
12.2 Ecohydraulics: Where Do the Ideas Come From?......Page 233
12.3 Reference Frameworks of Engineering and Ecology......Page 234
12.3.3 Agent Reference Framework......Page 235
12.4 Concepts for Ecohydraulics......Page 237
12.5.1 Example 1: Semi-quantitatively Describing Habitat of Drift Feeding Salmonids......Page 238
12.5.2 Example 2: Quantitatively Describing Fish Swim Path Selection in Complex Flow Fields......Page 241
12.6.1 An Opportunity for Engineers and Ecologists......Page 245
12.6.2 Challenges and Limits for Ecohydraulics......Page 246
References......Page 247
13.1 Introduction......Page 251
13.2 A Scientific Basis for Water Resources Management......Page 253
13.2.1 Principles for Sustainable River Regulation......Page 256
13.3 Hydroecology in Water Management......Page 257
13.3.2 Defining Ecologically Acceptable Flow Regimes......Page 258
13.3.3 Determining Environmental Flows......Page 260
13.4 Applications to Water Resource Problems......Page 268
13.4.1 Communication and Policy Development......Page 270
13.5 Conclusions......Page 271
References......Page 272
14.1 Context......Page 279
14.2 Nitrogen Removal by Riparian Buffers: Results of a Pan-European Experiment......Page 280
14.2.2 Climatic and Hydrological Controls on the Efficiency of Riparian Buffers......Page 281
14.2.3 The Effect of the Riparian Vegetation Type on Nitrate Removal......Page 284
14.2.4 Nitrogen Saturation Effect......Page 285
14.2.5 N2O Emissions......Page 286
14.3 Landscape Perspectives......Page 287
14.3.1 Upslope–Riparian Zone–Channel Linkage......Page 288
14.3.3 N Loading......Page 289
14.4 Future Perspectives......Page 290
References......Page 291
15.1 The Need for Ecohydraulics......Page 295
15.2 The Basic Hydraulics of Flow–Vegetation Interaction......Page 297
15.2.1 Roughness Properties of Vegetation......Page 298
15.2.2 Nonlinearities......Page 302
15.3 Drag Coefficients and Vegetation......Page 303
15.4 Velocity, Velocity Profiles and Vegetation Character......Page 304
15.5 Dimensionality: Flow Velocity in Compound Channels with Vegetation......Page 307
15.6.1 Velocity Profiles in Submerged Rigid Vegetation......Page 309
15.6.3 Velocity Profiles in a Mixture of Submerged and Emergent Vegetation......Page 310
15.6.5 Complex Velocity Patterns in Staggered Arrays......Page 312
15.6.6 Velocity Variation Across a Partially Vegetated Channel......Page 313
15.6.8 An Alternative Means of Measuring Velocity in the Field......Page 315
15.6.9 Modelling the Wienflüss Flows......Page 316
15.7 Conclusions......Page 317
References......Page 318
16.1 Introduction......Page 321
16.2 Hydrogeomorphological Dynamics......Page 322
16.3 The Riparian Ecosystem......Page 329
16.4.1 Sediment Gradient......Page 331
16.4.2 Biological Gradient......Page 332
16.5 Synthesis and Conclusions......Page 337
Acknowledgements......Page 339
References......Page 340
17.1 Introduction......Page 343
17.2 Vegetation in Riverine Habitats......Page 344
17.3.1 Hydrological Drivers......Page 345
17.4 Natural Patterns of Change......Page 347
17.4.1 Lateral Dimension......Page 348
17.4.2 Vertical Dimension......Page 349
17.4.3 Longitudinal Dimension......Page 351
17.4.4 Temporal Dimension......Page 352
17.5 Human Impacts......Page 353
17.6 Ways Forward......Page 356
References......Page 358
18.1 Introduction......Page 365
18.2 Water Sources Dynamics in Alpine River Systems......Page 367
18.3.1 Stream Discharge......Page 368
18.3.2 Stream Temperature......Page 369
18.3.3 Suspended Sediment Concentration......Page 370
18.4.1 Biota of Alpine Glacier-fed Rivers......Page 372
18.4.2 Biota of Other (nonglacier-fed) Alpine Rivers......Page 374
18.4.3 Temporal Variability of Biota in Alpine Rivers......Page 375
18.5 Towards an Integrated Hydroecological Understanding of Alpine River Systems......Page 377
18.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions......Page 379
References......Page 382
19.1 Introduction......Page 387
19.2.1 Ecological Implications......Page 388
19.2.2 Grain Size and Sorting......Page 389
19.2.3 Bar Surface Structure and Hydraulics......Page 397
19.3.1 Ecological Implications......Page 399
19.3.2 Bar Migration......Page 400
19.3.3 Avulsion......Page 402
19.4 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 403
References......Page 406
20.1 Introduction......Page 413
20.2 Study Area......Page 415
20.3 Methods......Page 417
20.4.1 Physical and Hydraulic Characteristics of Large Wood......Page 420
20.4.2 Fish Capture......Page 422
20.5 Discussion......Page 423
20.6 Conclusions......Page 425
Acknowledgements......Page 426
References......Page 427
21.1 Introduction......Page 431
21.2 Geomorphology and Patch Dynamics Creating Retention Zones......Page 432
21.3 Retention, Hydraulics and Physiographic Conditions......Page 433
21.4 Habitat Conditions for Characteristic Biota......Page 435
21.5 Retention and Water Column Processes......Page 437
21.6 The Significance of Retention Zones for the River Network......Page 440
21.7 Implications for River Management......Page 442
References......Page 443
22.1 Introduction......Page 447
22.2 The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach......Page 448
22.3 Future Research Themes......Page 449
22.3.3 Aquatic–Terrestrial Linkages......Page 450
22.3.5 Applied Hydroecology......Page 451
References......Page 452
Index......Page 457
Color Plate......Page 463