Hydrodynamics, sediment transport and light extinction off Cape Bolinao, Philippines

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Acknowledgment......Page 8
Abstract......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 12
Chapter 1. Introduction......Page 18
  1.1.2. Relevance and Scope......Page 21
  1.2.1. Observational Program......Page 23
  1.2.2. Modelling Approach......Page 24
  2.1.1. Topography......Page 26
  2.1.3. Sedimentology......Page 28
  2.1.4. Water Quality......Page 29
  2.1.5. Freshwater Influence......Page 30
 2.2. Meteorology and Oceanography......Page 32
   2.2.1.1. Monsoons and Sea Breeze Influence......Page 33
   2.2.1.3. Air Temperature and Precipitation......Page 35
   2.2.2.1. Tides......Page 36
   2.2.2.2. Water Temperature and Salinity......Page 37
 3.1. Hydrodynamics and General Oceanography......Page 40
  3.1.1. Currents......Page 41
  3.1.2. Tides and Water Level Variation......Page 43
  3.1.4. Salinity......Page 44
  3.2.1. Wind Speed and Direction......Page 45
 3.3. Suspended and Bottom Sediment Characterization......Page 46
  3.3.2. Phytoplankton Concentration......Page 47
  3.3.4. Grain Size Distribution and Organic Content......Page 48
 3.4. Underwater Light Conditions......Page 49
  3.4.3. Gilvin Absorption Coefficient......Page 50
   3.4.4.2. Water Samples......Page 51
   3.4.4.3. Diatoms......Page 52
 4.1. Theoretical Considerations......Page 54
  4.1.1. Tide-Induced Coastal Circulation......Page 55
  4.1.2. Wind-Driven Coastal Circulation......Page 57
  4.1.3. Surface Waves......Page 59
 4.2. Modelling Coastal Circulation......Page 61
  4.2.1. Finite Differentiation and Numerical Integration......Page 63
  4.3.1. Grid Layout and Bathymetric Smoothing......Page 67
  4.3.2. Open Boundary Conditions: The Pseudo-Implicit Orlanski Radiation Condition......Page 70
  4.3.3. External Tidal Forcing......Page 73
  4.4.1. Grid Layout......Page 75
  4.4.2. Treatment of Open Boundaries......Page 76
   4.4.2.1. Application of the Orlanski Radiation Condition......Page 77
   4.4.2.2. Tidal Forcing at Northern Open Boundary......Page 78
Chapter 5. Sediment Transport in the Coastal Sea......Page 80
  5.1.1. Bed-Load Transport......Page 81
  5.1.2. Suspended-Load Transport......Page 85
  5.2.1. Resuspension by Waves and Currents......Page 92
   5.2.1.1: Wave-Induced Resuspension......Page 93
   5.2.1.2: Flow-Induced Resuspension......Page 96
  5.2.2. Sedimentation......Page 98
 5.3. Modelling Suspended Sediment Transport in the Coastal Sea......Page 101
  5.3.1. Third-Order Suspended Sediment Transport Model......Page 102
  5.3.2. Description of Resuspension and Sedimentation Fluxes......Page 104
  5.3.4. Open Boundary Condition......Page 105
Chapter 6. Light Extinction in the Marine Environment......Page 108
 6.1. Introduction......Page 109
 6.2. The Attenuation of Downward Irradiance in the Aquatic Medium......Page 110
  6.2.1. Absorption and Scattering of Downwelling PAR......Page 112
  6.2.2. The Vertical Attenuation Coefficient......Page 114
 6.3. Factors Affecting Light Extinction in the Marine Environment......Page 116
  6.3.1. Inanimate Suspended Solids......Page 117
  6.3.2. Phytoplankton......Page 119
  6.3.3. Gilvin......Page 121
  6.3.4. Water......Page 123
 6.4. Modelling Underwater Light Extinction......Page 124
Chapter 7. Field Observations and Laboratory Experiments......Page 128
  7.1.1. Currents......Page 129
  7.1.2. Tides and Water Level Variation......Page 138
  7.1.3. Temperature and Salinity......Page 139
  7.2.1. Dynamics of Suspended Sediments......Page 141
  7.2.2. Sedimentation Fluxes......Page 151
  7.2.3. Size Distribution of Bottom Sediments......Page 153
  7.2.4. Organic Matter Distribution......Page 154
 7.3. Light Extinction in Cape Bolinao......Page 155
  7.3.1. Light Extinction Dynamics......Page 156
   7.3.2.1. Beam Attenuation of Sediment Fractions......Page 158
   7.3.2.2. Beam Attenuation Measurements of Suspensions......Page 160
  7.3.3. The Contribution of Phytoplankton to Light Extinction......Page 161
  7.3.5. Estimated Specific Extinction Coefficients......Page 163
Chapter 8. Sensitivity Analyses, Calibration and Validation of the Numerical Models......Page 170
  8.1.1. Sensitivity to Advection of Momentum......Page 171
  8.1.2. The Effect of Momentum Diffusion......Page 176
  8.1.3. Wind-Driven Currents - Surface Stress Effect......Page 178
  8.1.4. Tide-Driven Circulation......Page 180
  8.2.1. The Resuspension Flux......Page 182
   8.2.1.2. Effect of the α-parameter......Page 183
   8.2.1.3. Effect of the Critical Shear Stress τcr......Page 185
   8.2.1.4. Wave-Current Influence......Page 187
  8.2.2. The Sedimentation Flux......Page 188
   8.2.2.1. Effect of the Settling Velocity ws......Page 189
 8.3. The Light Extinction Model......Page 190
  8.3.1. The Specific Extinction Coefficients......Page 191
  8.4.1. Current Velocities and Circulation Patterns......Page 192
  8.4.2. Suspended Sediment Dynamics and Distribution Pattern......Page 197
  8.4.3. Light Extinction......Page 201
Chapter 9. Simulations and Impact Assessment in Cape Bolinao and the Lingayen Gulf......Page 206
  9.1.1. Impact on the Levels of TSS concentrations......Page 207
  9.1.2. Impact on Light Extinction......Page 210
   9.2.1.1. Wind-Driven Circulation......Page 213
   9.2.1.2. Tide-Driven Circulation......Page 215
   9.2.1.3. Wind and Tide-Driven Circulation......Page 217
  9.2.2. Transport of a Conservative Tracer in the Lingayen Gulf......Page 220
Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusions......Page 226
References......Page 230
 Appendix 1 - Sediment Fractionation and Chlorophyll-a Determination......Page 242
 Appendix 2 - Numerical Solution of the 3rd Order Transport Equation......Page 246
 Appendix 3 - List of Symbols......Page 250
Curriculum Vitae......Page 256
Samenvatting......Page 258