Hydro-Meteorological Extremes and Disasters

Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Overview and Strategies
	1: Hydro-meteorological Extremes and Disasters: Integrated Risk, Remediation and Sustainability
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Integrated Disaster Management: Concept and Scope
		1.3 Disaster Management Models
			1.3.1 Integration in DRR
				1.3.1.1 Challenges of Increasing Disasters
				1.3.1.2 Framework of Integrated Disaster Management Strategies
		1.4 Initiative Taken for Integrated Disaster Management in India and Globally
		1.5 Suggestions for Integrated Disaster Management Strategies
			1.5.1 Proposed Approach of Integration for City Resilience
		References
	2: Public Policy in Environment and Sustainability Strategies: Global & National Scenario
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Policy Implementation
		2.3 History of the International Environment Policy
		2.4 Policy Initiatives by The Government of India
			2.4.1 Indian Policies Towards Environmental Protection
		2.5 Indian Policies Towards Disaster Management
			2.5.1 Hydro-meteorological Domains and Public Policy
			2.5.2 Climate Finance and India´s Nationally Determined Contribution
			2.5.3 One Health Approach
			2.5.4 Corporate Sustainability Policy
			2.5.5 Policy Instruments in Environment Concerns
			2.5.6 Present Policy Scenarios in India
			2.5.7 Way Forward
		References
	3: Climate Finance at International and National Level: Needs, Drivers and Sources
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 An Overview of Climate Finance at Global Level
		3.3 Allocation of Climate Finance
		3.4 Climate Finance in India
			3.4.1 Importance of Climate Finance in India
		3.5 Climate Insurance
		3.6 Way Forward
		References
	4: Economic Impacts of Hydroclimatic Extremes and Disasters in India
		4.1 Background
			4.1.1 Objective of the Present Study
		4.2 Observations at National and Sub-National Levels
		4.3 Evidence from Vulnerable Households
			4.3.1 Poor Infrastructure Development
			4.3.2 Agriculture Is the Main Occupation
			4.3.3 Disaster-Induced Migration
			4.3.4 Loss in Cropped Land
		4.4 Conclusions and Policy Implications
		References
Part II: Tools and Techniques
	5: Remote Sensing Applications in Drought Monitoring and Prediction
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 Remote Sensing
			5.1.2 Drought Concept
		5.2 Drought Monitoring and Prediction
			5.2.1 Drought Prediction Approaches
				5.2.1.1 Statistical Approach
				5.2.1.2 Dynamical Approach
				5.2.1.3 Hybrid Approach
		5.3 Remote Sensing in Drought Monitoring and Prediction
			5.3.1 Precipitation
			5.3.2 Soil Moisture
			5.3.3 Evapotranspiration
			5.3.4 Surface Water
			5.3.5 Ground Water
			5.3.6 Vegetation
		5.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
		5.5 Case Study
			5.5.1 Background
			5.5.2 Study Area
			5.5.3 Data Used
			5.5.4 Methodology
			5.5.5 Results and Discussion
		5.6 Summary
		References
	6: Disaster Early Warning Communication Systems
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Disaster Management Scenario in India
		6.3 Early Warnings for Disaster Risk Reduction
		6.4 Early Warning Communication Procedures and Systems
		6.5 Technological Tools for EWS
		6.6 Geo-spatial Information Systems
		6.7 Satellites for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation and EW Communication
		6.8 Disruptive Technologies
		6.9 Early Warning and Forecasting Networks in India
		6.10 Early Warning Communication
		6.11 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	7: Spatial Data Infrastructure for Suitable Land Identification for Government Projects
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Related Work
		7.3 Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for Land, Rainfall and Temperature Detailing
			7.3.1 Spatial Data Infrastructure Architecture for Land, Rainfall and Temperature Detailing
			7.3.2 LULC Detailing by Using Satellite Images (Landsat)
			7.3.3 LULC Detailing by Using Topo-Sheets from Survey of India (SoI)
			7.3.4 Rainfall Detailing by Using Indian Meteorological Department Data
			7.3.5 Temperature Detailing by Using Indian Meteorological Department Data
			7.3.6 Weighted Sum Overlay for Decision Making or Selection of Piece of Land
		7.4 Verification, Accuracy and Use of this Research
			7.4.1 Verification Using Actual Ground Control Points
			7.4.2 LULC Accuracy Calculation (How Accurate Is Our Classification)
				7.4.2.1 Overall Accuracy
				7.4.2.2 Errors of Omission
				7.4.2.3 Commission Error
				7.4.2.4 Producer´s Accuracy
				7.4.2.5 User´s Accuracy
				7.4.2.6 Kappa Coefficient
			7.4.3 Significance of This Research to Federal and Regional Government Agencies
		7.5 Summary
		References
	8: Role of Stable Isotopes in Climate Studies - A Multi-archive Approach Focusing on Holocene to Anthropocene Records
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Basics of Isotopes
			8.2.1 Stable Isotopes of Carbon (δ13C), Oxygen (δ18O), Nitrogen (δ15N) and Hydrogen (δD)
		8.3 Climate Extremities from Latest Pleistocene to Present
			8.3.1 Younger Dryas (YD)
			8.3.2 8.2 ka Cold Event
			8.3.3 4.2 ka Cold Event
			8.3.4 Roman Warm Period (RWP)
			8.3.5 Dark Age Cold Period (DACP)
			8.3.6 Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA)
			8.3.7 Little Ice Age (LIA)
		8.4 Challenges and outlook
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	9: Integration of Climate Model & Hydrology Model-Tools, Bias-Correction, Downscaling, & Future Focus
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Downscaling Techniques
		9.3 Integration of GCM and Hydrological Model
		9.4 Bias-Correction in Climate Change Impact Analysis
		9.5 Uncertainty Analysis in Climate Change Impact Assessment
		9.6 Case Study
			9.6.1 Study Area
			9.6.2 Climate and Rainfall
			9.6.3 Climate Model Data
			9.6.4 Methodology
			9.6.5 Multimodel Uncertainty Analysis
			9.6.6 Bias-Correction
			9.6.7 Hydrological Modelling
			9.6.8 Climate Change Impact Analysis
		9.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Focus
		References
	10: Analysis of Precipitation Extremes at the Intra-seasonal Scale Using a Regional Climate Model
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Data and Methodology
			10.2.1 Model and Data Used
			10.2.2 Methodology
		10.3 Results and Discussion
			10.3.1 Intra-seasonal Variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon
			10.3.2 Analysis of Low and High Frequency Modes
		10.4 Conclusion
		References
	11: Geospatial BigData and Its Applications
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Geospatial Data as a Big Data
			11.2.1 Features of BigData
			11.2.2 Gap Analysis of Geo-spatial Data
			11.2.3 Categorization of Geospatial Big Data
				11.2.3.1 Raster Data
				11.2.3.2 Vector Data
			11.2.4 Pre-processing
				11.2.4.1 Pre-processing Architecture
			11.2.5 Feature Extraction
				11.2.5.1 Curse of Dimensionality
				11.2.5.2 Dimensionality Reduction Techniques
				11.2.5.3 Principal Component Analysis
				11.2.5.4 Linear Discriminant Analysis
				11.2.5.5 Independent Component Analysis Algorithm (ICA)
		11.3 Applications of Geospatial Big Data for Monitoring Hazards
		11.4 Case Study
			11.4.1 Flood Change Detection Using Satellite Images
			11.4.2 Wind Power Prediction
		11.5 Summary
		References
Part III: Case Studies
	12: Quantitative Assessment of Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yield over Sikkim and Central Region of India
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Study Area and Data Utilized
			12.2.1 Study Area Description
			12.2.2 Meteorological Data Utilized
		12.3 Methodology
			12.3.1 Crop Yield Simulation Using Aquacrop Model
			12.3.2 Model Performance Evaluation Using RMSE and Coefficient of Determination (r2)
			12.3.3 Evaluating Uncertainty of GCMs for Future Yield Simulation
			12.3.4 Adaptation Strategy to Combat Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yield
		12.4 Results and Discussion
			12.4.1 Aquacrop Model Efficiency During Calibration and Validation for the Sikkim Region
			12.4.2 Aquacrop Model Efficiency During Calibration and Validation for the Central Region of India
			12.4.3 Future Simulated Yield of Crops
				12.4.3.1 Sikkim Region
				12.4.3.2 Central Region of India
					Adaptation Strategy by Shifting Sowing Dates
		12.5 Conclusions
		References
	13: Understanding of Future Water Challenges in a River Basin Under Ensemble of CORDEX Simulated Projections
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Study Area
		13.3 Data Used
		13.4 Methodology
		13.5 Results and Discussion
			13.5.1 Drought Occurrence and Temporal Extent
			13.5.2 Drought Trend
			13.5.3 Drought Concurrence
		13.6 Conclusion
		References
	14: Drought as a Disaster and Its Characterization over Central India
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Drought: The Creeping Hazard
			14.2.1 Drought Types: Meteorological, Agricultural, and Hydrological Drought Types
				14.2.1.1 Meteorological Drought
				14.2.1.2 Agricultural Drought
				14.2.1.3 Hydrological Drought
				14.2.1.4 Socio-Economic Drought
			14.2.2 Drought Indices
				14.2.2.1 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
				14.2.2.2 Standardized Runoff Index (SRI)
				14.2.2.3 Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI)
				14.2.2.4 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
			14.2.3 Impact of Droughts
				14.2.3.1 Environmental Impact
				14.2.3.2 Economic Impact
				14.2.3.3 Social Impact
		14.3 Case Study over Central India
			14.3.1 Study Area and Data Used
			14.3.2 Drought Frequency, Mean Areal Extent, and Mean Duration
			14.3.3 Drought Trend
			14.3.4 Drought Concurrence
		14.4 Drought Mitigation
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	15: The Implications of Climate Change on Water Resources of Rajasthan
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Study Area and Climate of Region
		15.3 Climate Change v/s Evapotranspiration (ET), and Data Used
		15.4 Estimation of Evapotranspiration
			15.4.1 Evapotranspiration v/s Water Resources
		15.5 Water Resources Management Options
		15.6 Results and Discussion
		15.7 Conclusions
		References
	16: Thar Desert of India: Application of Geospatial Technology for Extreme Weather Events
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Indian Scenario
		16.3 Geospatial Technologies for Extreme Events
			16.3.1 Droughts
				16.3.1.1 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Drought Studies
				16.3.1.2 Normalized Difference Wetness Index
			16.3.2 Floods
				16.3.2.1 Case Study
			16.3.3 Surface Temperature
		16.4 Sand and Dust Storms (SDS)
		16.5 Conclusion
		References
	17: Addressing Hydro-climatic Risks Through Sectoral Planning: A Case of National Agriculture Disaster Management Plan (NADMP)
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Adaptation at Sectoral Level
		17.3 Agriculture Sector and Disasters
		17.4 India´s PM Agenda 10
		17.5 Purpose and Scope of NADMP
		17.6 Significance of NADMP
			17.6.1 Addressing Hydro-meteorological Disasters
			17.6.2 Human Resource Resilience
			17.6.3 Rural Development
			17.6.4 Agro Industries and Agribusiness
			17.6.5 Green Growth and Sustainable Development
			17.6.6 Overall Economy
		17.7 Conclusions
		References
	18: India´s Health Adaptation Plan: Strategic Tool for Minimizing Disaster Related Losses and Damage
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Disaster Implicated Losses and Damage
		18.3 How Does Climate Change Affect Human Health?
		18.4 Strategic Tools Addressing Health Adaptation
			18.4.1 Need for a Strategic Tool
			18.4.2 Global Context
			18.4.3 Indian Context
		18.5 Conclusion
		References