Hybrid Regimes within Democracies: Fiscal Federalism and Subnational Rentier States

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Imprints Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface and Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
	I.1 Getting on the Agenda: Comparative Politics and Subnational Regimes
	I.2 Description: Objective and Subjective Operationalizations of Subnational Democracy
	I.3 Explanation: A Rentier Theory of Subnational Democracy
	I.4 Democracy, Federalism, and Subnational Politics in Argentina
	I.5 Plan of the Book
Part I. Description: The Anatomy and Evolution of Subnational Regimes
	1 Defining and Measuring Subnational Regimes
		1.1 The Background Concept: Democracy
			1.1.1 Level or Quality of Democracy?
		1.2 The Systematized Concept: Liberal Representative Democracy
			1.2.1 The Other End: Authoritarianism or Hybrid Regimes?
			1.2.2 The Dimensions and Subdimensions of the Concept
				1.2.2.1 The Democratic Dimension: Contested, Inclusive, and Effective Elections
				1.2.2.2 The Liberal Dimension: Institutional Constraints and Individual Rights
				1.2.2.3 Components and Subcomponents of Democracy
		1.3 Indicators: Objective and Subjective Measures of Democracy
		1.4 Aggregation: From Indicators to Indices of Subnational Regimes
		1.5 Conclusion
	2 The Subnational Democracy Index: Trends in Provincial Regimes (1983−2015)
		2.1 Objective Indicators: The Subnational Democracy Index
		2.2 Results of the Subnational Democracy Index
			2.2.1 Subnational Regime Variance: Cross-sectional and Temporal Components
		2.3 Democratic and Hybrid Provinces: Qualitative Evidence on Regime Differences
		2.4 Conclusion
	3 Expert Survey Evidence: The Many Dimensions of Subnational Democracy
		3.1 Subjective Indicators: The Survey of Experts on Provincial Politics
			3.1.1 Aggregation: From Individual Responses to Provincial Indices
		3.2 Results of the Survey of Experts on Provincial Politics
			3.2.1 Two Dimensions of Subnational Regimes: Incumbency Advantage and Repression
			3.2.2 First- and Second-level Indices of Subnational Democracy: National Level
			3.2.3 First- and Second-level Indices of Subnational Democracy: All Provinces
			3.2.4 A Look at the National Distribution of Individual Items
		3.3 Comparing Objective and Subjective Measures of Subnational Democracy
		3.4 Conclusion
Part II. Explanation: The Causes of Subnational Regimes
	4 On the Rentier Effects of Fiscal Federalism on Subnational Regimes
		4.1 Theories of Subnational Democracy
		4.2 State-Society Balance, Fiscal, and Rentier Theories of Democracy
			4.2.1 Democracy as the Effect of State-Society Balance
			4.2.2 Democracy as the Effect of Fiscal Bargains
			4.2.3 Authoritarianism as the Effect of Natural Resource (and Other) Rents
			4.2.4 Statism: Where Balance, Fiscal and Rentier Theories Meet
		4.3 Climbing up the Ladder of Abstraction: From “Resource Rents” to “Fiscal Rents”
		4.4 Climbing Down to the Subnational Level: From “Rentier States” to “Rentier Regions”
		4.5 Conceptualizing Fiscal Rents
		4.6 The Subnational Rentier State: Fiscal Federalism Rents as a Special Case of Fiscal Rents
		4.7 Are Fiscal Federalism Rents more Archetypical than Resource Rents?
		4.8 Conclusion
	5 Fiscal Federalism, Subnational Rentierism, and Hybrid Provincial Regimes in Argentina
		5.1 The Argument: Fiscal Federalism Rents against Subnational Democracy
		5.2 Fiscal Federalism as a Source of Subnational Rentierism
		5.3 From Fiscal Federalism Rents to Hybrid Regimes: Exploring Causal Mechanisms
		5.4 Conclusion
	6 The Determinants of Provincial Regimes in Argentina
		6.1 Test 1: Cross-Section–Times-Series Data on the subnational democracy index
			6.1.1 Operationalization
			6.1.2 Estimation
			6.1.3 Results
			6.1.4 Results with Alternative Measures of Rentierism
			6.1.5 Endogeneity: Spurious and Simultaneous Causality
			6.1.6 Detecting Deviant Observations: Residual Analysis
		6.2 Test 2: Cross-­Sectional Data on the Subjective Indices of Subnational Regimes
			6.2.1 Operationalization
			6.2.2 Estimation
			6.2.3 Results
				6.2.3.1 Results for the Two Second-Level Indices
				6.2.3.2 Results for the Ten First-Level Indices
			6.2.4 Endogeneity: Simultaneous Causality
		6.3 Causal Mechanisms: The Evidence
		6.4 Conclusion
Part III. Comparison: Subnational Regimes Around the World
	7 A Comparative Perspective: Levels of Subnational Democracy in Seven Federations and One Unitary Country
		7.1 A Simple (and Rough) Alternative: The (Subnational) ACLP Index
		7.2 A New Objective Measure: The Comparative Subnational Democracy Index
		7.3 The Comparative Subnational Democracy Index Applied to Eight Nations
		7.4 On the Cross-Country Validity of the CSDI
		7.5 Conclusion
Conclusion
	Policy Implications
Appendix A Methodological Design of the Survey of Experts on Provincial Politics (SEPP)
Appendix B From Survey Items to Indices of Subnational Democracy
Appendix C Measurement Error Estimates
References
Index