Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Cover
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 CARBON-BASED FUELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	The Purpose of Hybrid and Alternative-Fuel Vehicles
	Carbon-Based Society
	Chemical Fundamentals of Carbon-Based Society
	The Clean Air Act Establishes the Framework
	Emission Standards in the United States
	European Standards
	Ozone
	Ultraviolet Radiation Absorption
	Kyoto Protocol
	Health Effects of Air Pollution
	Acid Rain
	Carbon Footprint
	Global Warming
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID VEHICLES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Hybrid Vehicle
	Driving and Owning a Hybrid Electric Vehicle
	Classifications of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
	Belt Alternator Starter Systems
	Levels of Hybrid Vehicles
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 3 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE SYSTEMS
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Hybrid Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)
	Engine Fundamentals
	Atkinson Cycle
	Engine Specifications
	Torque, Work, and Power
	Hybrid Engine Design Features
	Hybrid Engine Lubrication System
	Engine Oil
	Synthetic Oil
	Oil Change Intervals
	Hybrid Engine Ignition System
	Oxygen Sensors
	Wide-Band Oxygen Sensor
	Fuel Injection Systems
	Mechanical Returnless Fuel System
	Gasoline Direct Injection
	Demand Delivery System (DDS)
	Electronic Returnless Fuel System
	Fuel Injectors
	Electronic Throttle Control
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 4 GASOLINE
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Gasoline
	Refining
	Volatility
	Gasoline Combustion Process
	Normal and Abnormal Combustion
	Octane Rating
	Gasoline Additives
	High-Altitude Octane Requirements
	Gasoline Blending
	Testing Gasoline for Alcohol Content
	Reformulated Gasoline
	General Gasoline Recommendations
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 5 ALTERNATIVE FUELS
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Introduction
	Ethanol
	Cellulose Ethanol
	E85
	Alternative-Fuel Vehicles
	Methanol
	Propane
	Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
	Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
	P-Series Fuels
	Synthetic Fuels
	Safety Procedures When Working with Alternative Fuels
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 6 DIESEL AND BIODIESEL FUELS
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Diesel Fuel
	Biodiesel
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
	E-DIESEL FUEL
	SUMMARY
Chapter 7 HYBRID BATTERIES AND BATTERY SERVICE
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Introduction
	Evolution of Battery Technology
	Lead–Acid Batteries
	Nickel-Cadmium
	Nickel-Metal Hydride
	Lithium-Ion
	Lithium-Polymer
	Zinc-Air
	Sodium-Sulfur
	Sodium-Metal-Chloride
	Battery Comparsion
	Role of the Auxiliary Battery in the Hybrid System
	Lead–Acid Technology
	Battery Ratings
	Lead–Acid Battery Safety Precautions
	Lead–Acid Battery Testing
	Valve Regulated Lead Acid
	Role of the HV Battery in the Hybrid System
	High-Voltage (HV) Battery Construction
	HV Battery Cooling
	HV Battery Service
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 8 ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, AND CONTROLS
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Fundamentals of Magnetism
	Electromagnetism
	Electromagnetic Induction
	Electric Motors
	Brushless Motors
	Motor Control
	Capacitors in Hybrid Controllers
	Converters and Inverters
	Electric Power Steering
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 9 REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEMS
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Introduction
	Principles of Regenerative Braking
	Types of Regenerative Braking Systems
	Battery Charging During Regeneration
	Regenerative Braking Systems
	How the Regeneration System Works
	Deceleration Rates
	Engine Design Changes Related to Regenerative Braking
	Servicing Regenerative Braking Systems
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 10 HYBRID VEHICLE TRANSMISSIONS AND TRANSAXLES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Introduction
	Manual Versus Automatic
	Why a Transmission Is Necessary
	Manual Transaxles
	Service
	Conventional Automatic Transmissions
	GM Silverado/Sierra Hybrid Automatic Transmission
	Honda Accord Hybrid Five-Speed Automatic Transmission
	Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTS)
	Toyota/Lexus Power-Split System
	Ford Escape Hybrid ECVT
	Honda Belt-and-Pulley CVT
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 11 HYBRID VEHICLE HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Introduction
	Hybrid Ice Cooling Systems
	Cooling System Components
	Coolant Heat Storage System (2004–2009 Prius)
	Cabin Heating Systems
	Hybrid Electrical System Cooling
	Hybrid Air-Conditioning Systems
	A/C Components
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 12 HYBRID SAFETY AND SERVICE PROCEDURES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	High-Voltage Safety
	High-Voltage Safety Equipment
	Electric Shock Potential
	DE-Powering the High-Voltage System
	Collision and Repair Industry Issues
	Moving and Towing a Hybrid
	Removing the High-Voltage Batteries
	Routine Service Procedures
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 13 FIRST RESPONDER PROCEDURES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Hybrid Electric Vehicle Incidents
	First Responder Procedures
	Electric Shock Potential
	Emergency Response
	Fire
	Hazmat Issues
	Submerged or Partially Submerged Vehicle
	Alternative-Fuel Vehicle Issues
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 14 HONDA HYBRID VEHICLES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Background
	Body/Interior Features
	Power Train Features
	Safety Procedures
	Service Features
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 15 TOYOTA/LEXUS HYBRID VEHICLES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Toyota Prius
	Driving a Toyota Hybrid Electric Vehicle
	Cold-Start Emission Controls
	Fuel System Components
	High-Voltage Battery Pack
	The Toyota Hybrid System
	Lexus RX400H/Toyota Highlander Hybrid
	Toyota Camry Hybrid
	Lexus GS450H
	Maintenance and Service Procedures
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 16 FORD/MERCURY HYBRID VEHICLES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Introduction
	Full Hybrid
	Electromechanical CVT
	Electric Traction Motor
	Generator Motor
	High-Voltage Battery Pack
	12-Volt Battery
	Electronic Controller
	Electric Power Assist Steering (EPAS)
	Regenerative Braking System (RBS)
	Service Procedures
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 17 GENERAL MOTORS HYBRID VEHICLES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Introduction
	Chevrolet/GMC Parallel Hybrid Truck
	Electrohydraulic Power Steering
	PHT Hybrid Systems
	Saturn VUE and Chevrolet Malibu Hybrids
	General Motors Two-Mode Hybrid
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Chapter 18 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
	Objectives
	Key Terms
	Fuel-Cell Technology
	PEM Fuel Cells
	Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
	Fuel-Cell Vehicle Systems
	Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicles
	Hydrogen Storage
	Hydraulic Hybrid Storage System
	HCCI
	Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
	The Future for Electric Vehicles
	Wind Power
	Hydroelectric Power
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CHAPTER QUIZ
Appendix 1 HYBRID VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODES
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
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SPANISH GLOSSARY
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INDEX
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