دسترسی نامحدود
برای کاربرانی که ثبت نام کرده اند
دانلود کتاب Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases
دانلود کتاب طب گرمسیری هانتر و بیماریهای عفونی در حال ظهور
مشخصات کتاب
Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases
ویرایش: [10 ed.] نویسندگان: Edward T. Ryan, David R. Hill, Tom Solomon, Naomi E. Aronson, Timothy P. Endy سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0323555128, 9780323555128 ناشر: Elsevier سال نشر: 2019 تعداد صفحات: 1264 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 216 Mb
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 36,000
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب طب گرمسیری هانتر و بیماریهای عفونی در حال ظهور نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب طب گرمسیری هانتر و بیماریهای عفونی در حال ظهور
طب گرمسیری و بیماریهای عفونی نوظهور شکارچی، ویرایش دهم، شما را در جریان همه چیز از بیماریهای عفونی و مسائل زیست‌محیطی از جمله مسمومیت‌ها و سم‌شناسی، آسیب‌های حیوانات، و کمبودهای تغذیه‌ای و ریزمغذی‌های ناشی از سفر به مناطق گرمسیری قرار می‌دهد. یا مناطق نیمه گرمسیری این منبع جامع راهنمایی‌های بالینی معتبر، آمار مفید، و فصل‌هایی را که اندام‌ها، مهارت‌ها و خدمات را پوشش می‌دهند، و همچنین محتوای سنتی مبتنی بر پاتوژن ارائه می‌دهد. شما درک کاملی از نحوه تشخیص و درمان این مسائل بهداشتی منحصر به فرد، صرف نظر از اینکه کنترل آن چقدر گسترده یا دشوار است، به دست خواهید آورد.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10th Edition, keeps you up to date with everything from infectious diseases and environmental issues through poisoning and toxicology, animal injuries, and nutritional and micronutrient deficiencies that result from traveling to tropical or subtropical regions. This comprehensive resource provides authoritative clinical guidance, useful statistics, and chapters covering organs, skills, and services, as well as traditional pathogen-based content. You’ll get a full understanding of how to recognize and treat these unique health issues, no matter how widespread or difficult to control.
فهرست مطالب
Front Matter Copyright Page Preface Acknowledgments List of Contributors PART 1 Clinical Practice in the Tropics SECTION A Organ-Based Chapters 1 Tropical Lung Diseases Key Features Introduction Pneumonia Investigations and Management Tuberculosis Parasitic and Other Pulmonary Infections in the Tropics Eosinophilic Pneumonias Non-Communicable Lung Diseases Pleural Effusion Non-Tuberculous Granulomatous Lung Disease Occupational and Dust Lung Diseases References 2 Cardiovascular Diseases Key Features Common Syndromes of Cardiovascular Disease in the Tropics Heart Failure Stroke Vascular Disorders An Approach to the Patient With Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Heart Failure Stroke Vascular Disorders Management and Outcomes Pediatric Consideration: Congenital Heart Disease Clinical Presentation References 3 Gastrointestinal Diseases Key Features Presentations Diarrhea Etiology and Distribution Transmission and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Antibiotic-Associated Colitis Chronic Diarrhea Complications Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Treatment of Dehydration. Antimicrobial Agents. Additional Therapy. Prevention and Control Traveler’s Diarrhea Abdominal Pain Abdominal Distension and Intestinal Obstruction Gastrointestinal Bleeding Anatomic Differentials Mouth Dental Caries Oral Cancer Candidiasis Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Cancrum Oris (Noma) Esophagus Esophagitis Caustic Esophageal Injury Esophageal Varices Megaesophagus Esophageal Cancer Stomach Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastric Neoplasms Small Bowel Tropical Sprue Celiac Disease Protein-Losing Enteropathy. Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease Enteritis Necroticans (Pigbel) Intussusception Colon Appendicitis Intestinal Tuberculosis Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Megacolon Stenosing Lesions of the Colon and Rectum Rectum and Anus Proctitis Rectal Prolapse Anal Lesions Anal Cancer Gastrointestinal Diseases in Patients With HIV/AIDS References 4 Hepatobiliary Diseases Key Features Introduction Approach to Liver Disease Hepatitis and Jaundice Acute Hepatitis Chronic Liver Disease Jaundice and Biliary Obstruction Vascular Liver Disease (see Table 4.2) Focal Liver Lesions HIV and the Liver References 5 Hematologic Diseases Key Features Red Cell Disorders Epidemiology Anemia Reference Ranges Clinical Features Diagnosis Management of Different Types of Anemia Anemia Caused by Reduced Red Cell Production Iron Deficiency. Folate Deficiency. Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Anemia Caused by Excessive Loss of Red Cells Anemia Caused by Reduced Bone Marrow Activity Anemia of Inflammation Anemia and HIV Anemia and Parvovirus B19 Anemia Caused by Excessive Red Cell Destruction (Hemolytic Anemias) Important Tropical Infections Associated With Anemia Malaria Visceral Leishmaniasis Thalassemias β-Thalassemia β-Thalassemia Major. Diagnosis. Management and Outcome. β-Thalassemia Intermedia. β-Thalassemia Trait. α-Thalassemia Silent Carrier (-α/αα). α-Thalassemia Trait (-α/-α or –/αα). Hemoglobin H Disease (–/-α). Hemoglobin Bart’s Hydrops Fetalis. Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies Sickle Cell Disease Diagnosis. Management and Outcome. Sickle Cell Trait Hemoglobin Sickle Cell Disease. Hemoglobin S β-Thalassemia. Enzymopathies Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Diagnosis. Red Cell Membrane Defects White Cell Disorders Leukemia Acute Leukemias Diagnosis. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Diagnosis. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Investigations. Lymphomas Disorders of Hemostasis Acquired Bleeding Disorders Vitamin K Deficiency Dietary and Absorption Deficiency. Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Congenital Bleeding Disorders Thrombophilia References 6 Genitourinary Diseases Key Features Communicable Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary Tract Bacterial Cystitis and Pyelonephritis Schistosomiasis Filariasis Tuberculosis Hydatid Disease Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Urethral Stricture Disease HIV/AIDS Non-Communicable Genitourinary Diseases Congenital Abnormalities Genetic Diseases Metabolic Diseases Trauma Diseases of Aging References 7 Sexually Transmitted Infections Key Features Epidemiology of STIs STIs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries STI Transmission Dynamics Interactions Between HIV and Other STIs Clinical Management of STIs History Taking and Examination Counseling Key STI Syndromes The Syndromic Approach Urethral Discharge (Figs. 7.1 and 7.2) Scrotal Swelling (Epididymo-Orchitis) (Fig. 7.3) Genital Ulcer (Fig. 7.4) Inguinal Bubo (Fig. 7.5) Vaginal Discharge (Figs. 7.6, 7.7 and 7.8) Lower Abdominal Pain (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) (Fig. 7.9) Anorectal Syndrome (Fig. 7.10) Ophthalmia Neonatorum (Fig. 7.11) Control of STIs Partner Notification Screening Male Circumcision Vaccination Ocular Prophylaxis References 8 Tropical Dermatology Key Features Vesicles/Bullae Vascular Papules and Nodules (Angiomatous Lesions) Petechiae and Purpura Ulcers/Verrucous Plaques Subcutaneous Mycoses Deep Mycoses Painless Papules Painful Papules/Urticaria Pruritus and Papules Pruritus Without Primary Skin Lesions Hypopigmentation Morbilliform Exanthems Papulosquamous and Eczematoid Lesions Erythroderma Icthyosis Serpiginous Lesions Edema Cachexia: Nutritional Deficiencies References 9 Ophthalmologic Diseases Key Features Introduction Differential Diagnosis of the Painful, Red Eye: Key Syndromes Conjunctivitis Keratitis and Corneal Ulceration Corneal Necrosis Corneal Trauma Uveitis Endophthalmitis Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Chronic Diseases Refractive Error Cataract Glaucoma Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diabetic Retinopathy Proptosis References 10 Neurologic Diseases Key Features Meningism and Meningitis Key Syndromes and Clinical Approach Approaches to Investigation, Diagnosis, and Management Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Key Syndromes and Clinical Approach The Patient in Coma Approaches to Investigation, Diagnosis, and Management of Encephalopathy Neurophysiologic Investigations Management of Patients With Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Epilepsy Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Hemiparesis Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Syndromes Key Syndromes and Clinical Approach Peripheral Neuropathic Syndromes Myopathic Syndromes Myasthenic Syndromes Approaches to Investigation, Diagnosis, and Management References 11 Psychiatric Diseases Key Features Getting Organized Culture and Mental Health Assessment Basic Principles History Mental State Examination Informant History and Previous Case Notes Physical Examination Investigations Assessment and Differential Diagnosis of Common Syndromes (Box 11.1) The Acutely Disturbed Patient Delirium Acute Psychosis Mood Disorder Other The Patient Who Is Sad, Worried, or Has Medically Unexplained Somatic Complaints Differential Diagnosis The Patient Who Is Misusing Alcohol or Other Substances Management of Patients With Psychiatric Illness Basic Principles The Acutely Disturbed Patient Acute Psychosis Drug-Induced Psychosis Epilepsy-Associated Psychosis Catatonia Acute Manic Episode Bipolar Affective Disorder Depressive Psychosis Depression, Anxiety, and Somatization Substance Dependence References Further Reading 12 Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Key Features Global Burden of ENT Diseases Deafness and Hearing Impairment Other Causes of Deafness Auditory Rehabilitation Cleft Lip and Palate Nose and Throat Infections Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis Granulomatous Involvement of the Head and Neck Salivary Gland Infections Deep Fascial Space Infections Cysticercosis Ulcers Cancrum Oris Leishmaniasis Myiasis Halzoun Head and Neck Neoplasms Benign Neoplasms Malignant Neoplasms Investigations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Management and Outcomes References 13 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System Key Features Introduction Trauma and Injury Intentional Injuries Orthopedic Infections Osteomyelitis Septic Arthritis Soft Tissue Infections Tuberculosis Leprosy Poliomyelitis Pediatric Conditions Congenital Talipes Equinovarus Cerebral Palsy Age-Related Conditions References SECTION B Skills-Based Chapters 14 General Surgery in the Tropics Key Features Introduction Practical Aspects of Surgery in Low-Resource Settings Water and Electricity Equipment and Supplies Sterilization Anesthesia Laboratory Imaging and Endoscopy Histopathology Transfusion Service An Overview of Surgical Practice in the Tropics General Surgery Trauma Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Neoplasms Abdominal Pathology Peritonitis Intestinal Obstruction Hepatobiliary Disease Laparoscopy Obstetrics and Gynecology Orthopedics Urology Ear–Nose–Throat and Dental Surgery Burns and Plastic Surgery Neurosurgery Pediatric Surgery Cardiothoracic Surgery Ophthalmology Topics of Interest to Surgeons and Non-Surgeons Ascaris lumbricoides Tetanus Typhoid (see Chapter 74, Typhoid and Paratyphoid (Enteric) Fever) Tuberculosis Schistosomiasis Hydatid Cyst American Trypanosomiasis (see Chapter 103) Filarial Elephantiasis Conclusion References 15 Oral Health and Disease in the Tropics Key Features Introduction Background Information Examining the Oral-Maxillofacial Complex Dental Caries Description Etiology Symptoms/Signs and Differential Diagnosis of Toothache Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Prevention of Dental Caries: Individual Programs Oral Mucosal Lesions (Including Oral Cancer), Other Tumors, and Noma Description General Etiology Oral Maxillofacial Trauma Description Etiology Symptoms/Signs and Differential Diagnosis of Oral Maxillofacial Trauma and Emergency Actions (Table 15.4) References 16 Maternal and Newborn Health Key Features Global Targets and Indicators for Maternal and Newborn Health Maternal Mortality Causes of Maternal Mortality—Why Do Women Die? Hemorrhage Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia Sepsis Complications of Obstructed Labor Abortion Perinatal Mortality Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity Strategies to Reduce Maternal and Perinatal Mortality and Morbidity Skilled Birth Attendance Emergency Obstetric Care Antenatal and Postnatal Care Quality of Care References 17 Pediatrics in a Resource-Constrained Setting Key Features Preventive Schemes Expanded Programme for Immunization HIV/AIDS Sustainable Development Goals Newborns Pneumonia Malaria Gastroenteritis Fluids in Sepsis References SECTION C Service-Based Chapters 18 Diagnostic Imaging in the Tropics Key Features Introduction Equipment and Service Development Personnel The Imaging of Tropical Infectious Diseases Plain Radiographs Ultrasound Advanced Imaging Techniques References 19 Blood Transfusion in Resource-Limited Settings Key Features Introduction Blood Supply and Safety The Global Blood Supply Blood Supply in Africa Blood Safety Infectious Risk of Blood Transfusions Other Risks of Transfusion Blood Donor Selection Progress in Improving Blood Supply and Safety in Sub-Saharan Africa Clinical Use of Blood Transfusion Who Needs Blood? Transfusion Guidelines Misuse of Blood Transfusions Outcomes After Blood Transfusions Alternatives to Transfusion Reducing Transfusions by Preventing Anemia References 20 Infection Prevention and Control in the Tropics Key Features Introduction Basics of Infection Control Infection Control Practices to Decrease the Risk of Infection Transmission Standard Infection Control Practices Transmission-Based Precautions for Prevention of Infection Surveillance for Health Care–Associated Infections Burden of Health Care–Associated Infections in Developing Countries Risk Factors for Health Care–Associated Infections in Developing Countries Special Problems of the Tropics Crossover of Community Infections into Hospitals Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Viral Respiratory Infections Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Emerging Infections Tuberculosis Antimicrobial Resistance Sepsis and HAIs in Neonates Hospital Design in the Tropics Device-Associated Infections Surgical Site Infections Unsafe Injections and Needle Stick Injuries Strengthening Health Systems in the Tropics References 21 Microbiology Key Features Introduction The Need for Laboratory Services What Are the Problems for Laboratory Services? What Can Be Done to Improve Laboratory Services? The Importance of Biosafety What Tests Should Be Available? Conclusion References SECTION D Topic-Based Chapters 22 Approach to the Patient With Diarrhea Key Features Key Syndromes Acute Watery Diarrhea Invasive Diarrhea Multiple Pathogens Persistent Diarrhea Clinical Evaluation Assessment of Dehydration Assessment of Nutritional Status Evaluation for Concomitant Illness Laboratory Investigations Investigations in Acute Watery Diarrhea Investigations in Invasive Diarrhea Investigations in Persistent Diarrhea Management and Outcomes Rehydration Replacement Phase Maintenance Phase Antibiotics Antibiotics and the Risk of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Nutrition Malnourished Children Apparently Well-Nourished Children Micro-nutrient Supplementation Other Therapies Prevention References 23 Cancer in the Tropics Key Features Introduction Infection and Malignancy Bacterial Infections Viral Infections Parasitic Infections Tobacco Obesity Management References 24 Heat-Associated Illness Key Features Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Assessment and Investigations Diagnosis Management and Outcomes References 25 Traditional Medicine Key Features Definition General Principles Why Is It Important for Physicians in the Tropics to Know About Traditional Medicine? Traditional Medicine Is Widely Used Traditional Medicine Is Often the First Treatment Used Traditional Medicine May Interact With Modern Treatment Traditional Medicine May Be a Valuable Option Effectiveness Can the Effectiveness of Traditional Medicine Be Evaluated? Some Examples of Effective Traditional Treatments Malaria: From Local Practice to Global Solution Case Study. Wounds Ophthalmic Conditions: A Range of Practices, from Harmful to Sight-Saving Safety of Traditional Medicine Regulatory Development Counterfeit or “Fake” Medicines Traditional and Modern Health Systems: the Need for Cooperation Examples In a Refugee Population In a Health District Development of New Drugs and Treatments: Intellectual Property Rights Clinical Scenarios A Traditional Bone-Setter in Mali Last Hope After an Open Fracture Tackling Water-Borne Disease the Traditional Way Conclusion Acknowledgments References 26 Environmental Health Hazards in the Tropics Key Features Introduction Exposure Concepts Major Environmental and Occupational Hazards Ambient Air Pollution Indoor Air Pollution Water and Sanitation Lead Poisoning Pesticides Mold/Food Impurities Heat Recognition of Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control and Reduction of Environmental Hazards Global Efforts References 27 Neglected Tropical Diseases Key Points Introduction Mass Drug Administration Lymphatic Filariasis Onchocerciasis Soil-Transmitted Helminth Diseases: Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, Hookworm Schistosomiasis Trachoma and the Neglected Skin Infections: Yaws and Scabies Integrated MDA for Control and Elimination Intensified Disease Management: Case Detection and Treatment and Vector Control Conclusion References 28 Health Systems and Health Care Delivery Key Features Introduction Leadership and Governance Health Care Financing Health Workforce Medical Products and Technologies Health Information and Research Health Care Service Delivery Facilities Knowledge Management Linking Community and Facility-Based Care Quality Equity References 29 The Health Care Response to Disasters, Complex Emergencies, and Population Displacement Key Features The Health Effects of Complex Emergencies Health Response and International Standards: the Sphere Project Prioritization of Health Services Prevention of Communicable Diseases: Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Diarrhea Prevention and Management Programs Provide Elementary Sanitation and Clean Water Provide Adequate Shelter, Clothes, and Blankets (Non-Food Items) Ensure Food Supplies Are Adequate and Reach Intended Recipients Establish Appropriate Diagnostic and Management Services Organize Human Resources and Utilize Local Assets Coordinate Activities of Local Authorities and Relief Agencies Role of Emerging Technologies Summary References PART 2 Viral Diseases 30 Introduction and General Principles Introduction Epidemiologic Considerations Clinical Syndromes and Pathogenesis Diagnostic Challenges Opportunities for Treatment Disease Control References 31 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Key Features Introduction Molecular Epidemiology Modes of Transmission Geographic Epidemiology Sub-Saharan Africa Asia and the Pacific Latin America Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Manifestations and Management of HIV Infection and Complications of HIV Acute HIV Infection Staging of HIV Disease Opportunistic Infections and Malignancies Select Major Opportunistic Infections and Co-Infections Fungal Infections—Focus on Cryptococcal Meningitis and Pneumocystis Pneumonia Cryptococcal Meningitis Pneumocystis Pneumonia Bacterial Infections Sexually Transmitted Infections Viral Hepatitis Schistosomiasis The Approach to Common Clinical Presentations Fever Dermatologic Disease Ophthalmologic Disease Pulmonary Disease Esophageal Disease Gastroenteritis/Diarrheal Disease Focal Central Nervous System Lesions HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome HIV-Associated Malignancies Kaposi’s Sarcoma Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Cervical Cancer Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis HIV Testing HIV Diagnosis Post-Test HIV Counseling Initial Evaluation of the Newly Diagnosed Patient Initial Evaluation of Newly Diagnosed Women of Reproductive Age AntiRetroviral Therapy Introduction Goals of ART When to Start Initiating Therapy for Women of Reproductive Age What to Start Special Considerations for Women Previously Given Antiretroviral Drugs as Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Special Considerations for Pregnant Women Special Considerations in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Adherence to Therapy Monitoring Effectiveness Monitoring for Tolerability Metabolic Complications During Treatment When to Change ART How to Change (Switch) ART ART for Children Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Special Considerations for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Resource-Limited Settings Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole/Cotrimoxazole Fluconazole and Itraconazole Non-Tuberculosis Anti-Mycobacterials (Mycobacterium avium Complex) Chronic Primary Care Considerations Non-Communicable Diseases Vaccinations Nutrition Primary HIV Prevention Prevention of Gender-Based Violence Prevention With Positives Palliative Care 31.1 HIV, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and Streptococcus pneumoniae Key Features HIV and Tuberculosis The Effect of HIV on Tuberculosis The Effect of Tuberculosis on HIV Disease Management Points HIV and Malaria The Effect of HIV on Malaria The Effect of Malaria on HIV Management Points HIV And Streptococcus pneumoniae Interactions Management Points References Further Reading References 32 Viral Infections With Cutaneous Lesions 32.1 Measles Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment References 32.2 Poxviruses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment References 32.3 Nonpolio Enterovirus Mucocutaneous Infections Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment References 32.4 Kaposi’s Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment References 33 Viral Respiratory Infections Key Features Introduction Etiology Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza Viruses Paramyxoviridae: Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus 1–4, Human Metapneumovirus Coronaviruses Picornaviruses: Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses Adenoviruses Epidemiology Clinical Syndromes and Pathogenesis Common Cold Pharyngitis Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) Tracheitis and Tracheobronchitis Bronchiolitis Viral Pneumonia Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment References 34 Viral Gastroenteritis Key Features Introduction 34.1 Rotavirus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 34.2 Norovirus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Disclaimer References 34.3 Enteric Adenoviruses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment References 34.4 Astroviruses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 34.5 Sapovirus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 35 Viral Hepatitis Introduction Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Acute Hepatitis Chronic Hepatitis Complications Fulminating Hepatitis Cirrhosis Patient Evaluation Treatment and Prevention 35.1 Hepatitis A Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Age and Pattern of Infection Routes of Transmission Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control Sanitation Immunization References 35.2 Hepatitis B Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Geographic Distribution Modes of Transmission Clinical Features Acute Infections Chronic Infections and Complications Chronic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis Hepatocellular Carcinoma Co-infections With HIV Diagnosis Detection of HBV Antigens and Antibodies Detection of HBV-DNA Treatment Prevention and Control HBV Vaccination References 35.3 Hepatitis D Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features and Natural History Diagnosis Prevention References 35.4 Hepatitis C Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Distribution Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Acute Infection Chronic Infection Cirrhosis Hepatocellular Carcinoma Extrahepatic Complications Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Diagnosis Treatment Justification for Treatment Therapeutic Goals Therapeutic Regimens Treatment of Acute Hepatitis C Prevention and Control References 35.5 Hepatitis E Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References 35.6 Non-A–E Hepatitis References References 36 Viral Febrile Illnesses and Emerging Pathogens Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Control 36.1 Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 36.2 Chikungunya Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment References 36.3 Zika Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 36.4 O’nyong Nyong Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Control References 36.5 Ross River Virus Disease Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Prevention and Treatment References 36.6 Oropouche Virus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 36.7 Mayaro Virus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 36.8 Pathogenic Phleboviruses: Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Heartland Virus Disease, and Sandfly Fever Key Features Introduction Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Heartland Virus Disease Sandfly Fever References 36.9 Sindbis Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References References 37 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Introduction References 37.1 Yellow Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 37.2 Lassa Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 37.3 South American Hemorrhagic Fevers Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Supportive Treatment Anti-Viral Therapy Preventive Medicine References 37.4 Ebola and Marburg Virus Infections Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Maintenance in Nature and Transmission to Humans Human-to-Human Transmission Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Supportive Care Anti-Viral Therapy Discharge and Monitoring Prognosis Sequelae Virus Persistence and Recrudescence Prevention Infection Prevention and Control Contact Tracing Vaccines Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Reservoir Control Acknowledgment References 37.5 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Ecology and Transmission Disease Presentation Pathogenesis Laboratory Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Vaccines Disclaimer References 37.6 Diseases Caused by Hantaviruses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 37.7 Rift Valley Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential DiagnosIs Treatment and Prevention Disclaimer References 38 Viral CNS Infections 38.1 Rabies and Related Viruses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Clinical Manifestations Furious Rabies Paralytic Rabies Complications of Prolonged Survival Infections by Rabies-Related Viruses Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment and Prevention Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Local Measures Post-Exposure Vaccine Efficacy of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Complications of Rabies Vaccines Control of Animal Rabies References 38.2 Enterovirus Infections That Cause Central Nervous System Disease (Including Poliomyelitis) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Aseptic Meningitis Poliomyelitis Enterovirus A71 Infection of the Central Nervous System Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Herpangina Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis of Enterovirus Infections Treatment and Prevention References 38.3 Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western Equine Encephalitis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 38.4 Japanese Encephalitis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Investigations Diagnosing Japanese Encephalitis Treatment Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis References 38.5 West Nile Virus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 38.6 St. Louis Encephalitis and Rocio Viruses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 38.7 Other Arboviral Encephalitides Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Bunyaviridae Flaviviridae Reoviridae Patient Evaluation and Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 38.8 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Type I and II Infection Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Adult T-Cell Leukemia Pathogenesis HAM/TSP Pathogenesis Clinical Features Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment HTLV-I–Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis General Symptoms Diagnosis Monitoring and Treatment General Infections Other Neurologic Manifestations Infective Dermatitis and Scabies Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Disease Strongyloides stercoralis Infection Rheumatologic and Pulmonary Conditions Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 38.9 Prion Disease Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Sporadic CJD Variant CJD Other Forms of Prion Disease Treatment References PART 3 Bacterial Infections SECTION A Infections of the Eye and Throat 39 Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Key Features Trachoma Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features and Natural History Pathogenesis Chlamydia Biology Histopathology Protective Immune Responses Immunopathology Transmission and Risk Factors Trachoma Assessment Clinical Examination Laboratory Tests Differential Diagnosis Trachoma Control Surgery for Trichiasis Antibiotics for C. trachomatis Infection Facial Cleanliness and Environmental Improvements to Interrupt C. trachomatis Transmission Conclusion Inclusion Conjunctivitis Epidemiology Clinical Features and Transmission Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References 40 Group A Streptococcus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 41 Diphtheria Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References SECTION B Respiratory Tract Infections 42 Bacterial Pneumonia Key Features Introduction Epidemiology The Bacterial Etiology of Pneumonia Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Clinical Examination Findings Supportive Clinical Findings Laboratory Investigations Chest Roentgenograms (Chest X-Rays) Miscellaneous Clinical Findings Differential Diagnosis Treatment Good Clinical Practice Prevention and Control References 43 Tuberculosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Pulmonary Tuberculosis Tuberculous Adenitis Pleural Tuberculosis Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System Osteoarticular Tuberculosis Other Manifestations Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Genotypic Testing for TB and Drug-Resistant TB Sputum Smear Microscopy Tuberculosis Culture Radiography Analysis of Other Bodily Fluids and Tissue Samples Drug Susceptibility Tests Tests for Tuberculosis Infection Empiric Treatment of Tuberculosis Monitoring Treatment Response Treatment Treatment of Patients With Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis Re-Treatment Regimens and the Treatment of Individuals With Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Adjunctive Treatments Adherence Treatment of Tuberculosis Infection (“Preventive Therapy”) TB and Children Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Future Prospects Reference 44 Pertussis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Manifestations Patient Evaluation Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis Serology Treatment Immunization Strategies References SECTION C Gastrointestinal Tract Infections 45 Helicobacter pylori Infection Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastric Cancer Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Ménétrier’s Disease Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease H. pylori Infection in Children Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Noninvasive Tests Urea Breath Tests Serology Fecal Antigen Testing Urine Antigen Testing Invasive Tests Culture Histology Rapid Urease Test Treatment Indications Antimicrobials Prevention References 46 Escherichia coli Diarrhea Key Features Introduction Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Pathogenesis Enteropathogenic E. coli Shiga Toxin–Producing E. coli Enteroaggregative E. coli Enterotoxigenic E. coli Enteroinvasive E. coli Diffusely Adherent E. coli Adherent Invasive E. coli Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 47 Cholera and Other Vibrios Key Features Vibrio Cholerae Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Correction of Fluid Loss Antibiotics Prevention and Vaccines Other Vibrios Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus References 48 Shigellosis Key Features Introduction History and Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Antimicrobial Therapy Supportive Therapy and Treatment of Complications Prevention References 49 Nontyphoid Salmonella Disease Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Diarrheal Disease Invasive Disease Microbiology Clinical Features Diarrheal NTS Disease iNTS Disease Recurrent iNTS Disease Focal and Suppurative NTS Disease Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Diarrheal Disease Invasive Disease Treatment Diarrheal Disease Invasive Disease Prevention of Recurrence Vaccination References 50 Campylobacter Infections Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Breastfeeding and Infection Clinical Features Post-Infectious Inflammatory Complications Guillain–Barré Syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome Reactive Arthritis Laboratory Diagnosis and Typing Treatment Prevention and Control Acknowledgment References 51 Miscellaneous Bacterial Enteritides 51.1 Yersinia enterocolitica Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Gastroenteritis Septicemia Post-Infectious Sequelae Miscellaneous Infections Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References 51.2 Clostridium Infections Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 51.3 Aeromonas Key Features Introduction Microbiology Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References SECTION D Sexually Transmitted Diseases 52 Chlamydial Infections Key Features Classification Biology Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Clinical Manifestations in Men Urethritis Epididymitis Proctitis Clinical Manifestations in Women Cervicitis Urethritis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pregnancy Outcome Other Conditions of the Female Genital Tract Clinical Manifestations Occurring in Both Sexes Adult Paratrachoma (Inclusion Conjunctivitis) and Otitis Media Reactive Arthritis Neonatal Infections Diagnosis Treatment of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Control References 53 Lymphogranuloma Venereum Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Geographic Distribution Transmission Etiology and Pathology Clinical Features Primary Lymphogranuloma Venereum Secondary Lymphogranuloma Venereum Inguinal Syndrome Anorectal Syndrome Tertiary Lymphogranuloma Venereum Diagnosis Microscopic Diagnosis Molecular Diagnosis Antibody Detection Tests Treatment Antibiotic Treatment Surgical Treatment Prevention References 54 Gonorrhea Key Features Introduction Etiology Antigens and Immunity Antibiotic-Resistant Strains Clinical Manifestations Urethritis Endocervical Infection Gonococcal PID Gonococcal Proctitis Gonococcal Pharyngitis Ocular Infections DGI Laboratory Diagnosis The Gram Stain Culture Non-Culture Tests Treatment Uncomplicated Gonococcal Infections Epididymo-Orchitis PID and Other Genital Complications Disseminated Gonococcal Infection Gonococcal Eye Infections Prevention and Control References 55 Chancroid Key Features Definition Etiology Pathogenesis Epidemiology Reservoir Interaction With HIV Clinical Features Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 56 Donovanosis (Granuloma Inguinale) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis (Table 56.1) Treatment (Table 56.2) References 57 Syphilis and the Endemic Treponematoses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features (Adults) Primary Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Tertiary Syphilis Gummata (“Benign” Tertiary Syphilis). Cardiovascular Syphilis. Neurosyphilis Clinical Features (Children and Neonates) History and Examination Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment The Endemic Treponematoses Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Yaws Endemic Syphilis Pinta Diagnosis Treatment References SECTION E Infections Causing Neurologic Manifestations 58 Acute Bacterial Meningitis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Patient Evaluation Diagnosis Pathogen Detection Brain Imaging Treatment Antibiotics Adjuvant Therapies Fluid Management Vaccination Risk of Severe Sequelae and Death From Bacterial Meningitis References 59 Tetanus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 60 Botulism Key Features Introduction Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Epidemiology Food-Borne Botulism Wound Botulism Infant Botulism Adult Intestinal Toxemia Botulism Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Pediatric Considerations Clinical Features Treatment Acknowledgments References SECTION F Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues 61 Bacterial Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Tropics Key Features Impetigo Ecthyma Folliculitis, Furuncles, and Carbuncles Cellulitis Gas Gangrene Necrotizing Fasciitis Tropical (Phagedenic) Ulcer Tropical Pyomyositis References 62 Leprosy Key Features The Causative Organism and Host Response Diagnosis of Leprosy Laboratory Tests Classification of Leprosy Clinical Features Treatment Alternative Antimicrobial Agents Reactions Management of Type 1 Reactions Management of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum Reactions Management of Nerve Function Impairment Ongoing Management and Prevention of Complications Chemoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy Leprosy and HIV Conclusion References 63 Buruli Ulcer Key Features Introduction Epidemiology and Transmission Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management Complications Prevention References 64 Mycobacterium marinum Infection Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment References 65 Anthrax Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Incidence of Human Anthrax Zoonotic Anthrax Geographic Occurrence Human Anthrax Industrially Acquired Anthrax Agricultural Anthrax Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factors Cutaneous Anthrax Inhalational Anthrax Gastrointestinal Anthrax Septicemic Anthrax Clinical Features Cutaneous Anthrax Inhalational Anthrax Gastrointestinal Anthrax Central Nervous System Anthrax Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Direct Smear and Culture Diagnosis Serologic Diagnosis Treatment Cutaneous Anthrax Other Anthrax Syndromes Anti-Toxin Supportive Therapy Isolation of Patients Post-Exposure Prophylaxis References SECTION G Febrile Systemic Syndromes With or Without Lymphadenopathy 66 Epidemic Louse-Borne Typhus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 67 Murine Typhus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Pediatric Considerations Treatment Treatment Considerations in Children Prevention References 68 Scrub Typhus Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 69 Tick-Borne Spotted Fever Rickettsioses Key Features Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses With Inoculation Eschar Mediterranean Spotted Fever Astrakhan Fever Indian Tick Typhus Israeli Spotted Fever Siberian Tick Typhus Lymphangitis-Associated Rickettsiosis African Tick-Bite Fever Scalp Eschar and Neck Lymphadenopathy Far-Eastern Tick-Borne Rickettsiosis Japanese or Oriental Spotted Fever Queensland Tick Typhus Flinders Islands Spotted Fever Pacific Coast Tick Fever Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses With Few or No Inoculation Eschar Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Diagnosis Standard Laboratory Features Diagnostic Tools Treatment Prevention and Control References 70 Rickettsialpox Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References 71 Q Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Reservoir Transmission to Humans Temporal and Geographic Distribution Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Acute Infection Persistent Infection Endocarditis Q Fever in Pregnancy Children Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Polymerase Chain Reaction Culture Serology Immunohistochemistry Differential Diagnosis Treatment Medical Therapy Acute Q Fever in Patients With Underlying Valvular Disease Pregnancy Q Fever Endocarditis Children Prevention References 72 Trench Fever Key Features Introduction Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Epidemiology Clinical Features Trench Fever Chronic Infection and Complications Caused by B. quintana Patient Evaluation and Diagnosis Tropical Areas Prevention Treatment References 73 Bartonellosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Microbiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Other Bartonella Infections References 74 Typhoid and Paratyphoid (Enteric) Fever Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Incidence and Distribution of Enteric Fever Typhoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever Transmission and Patterns of Infection Source of Infection Mode of Transmission Antimicrobial Resistance Severity Age and Immunity Sporadic Disease and Travelers Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Invasion and Latency Disseminated Infection Pathologic Findings Relapse and Chronic Carriage Clinical Features Mild Illness Severe Illness and Complications Gastrointestinal Complications Neurologic Complications Other Complications Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Clinical Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Microbiologic Diagnosis Serologic and Molecular Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention of Enteric Fever Antibiotics for Enteric Fever Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, and Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole Fluoroquinolones and Nalidixic Acid–Resistant S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A Third-Generation Cephalosporins Azithromycin Supportive and Adjunctive Therapy Management of Intestinal Complications Treatment of Relapse Treatment of Chronic Carriers Prevention References 75 Brucellosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 76 Melioidosis and Glanders Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 77 Plague Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Plague Cycles Animal Infection Human Plague (Fig. 77.2) Geographic Distribution of Human Plague Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Yersinia pestis Pathogenesis Clinical Features of Plague Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References 78 Tularemia Key Features Introduction F. Tularensis Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 79 Leptospirosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Anicteric Leptospirosis Symptoms and Signs Laboratory Findings Icteric Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease) Laboratory Features of Weil’s Disease Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Patient Evaluation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Anicteric Leptospirosis Weil’s Disease Severe Pulmonary Hemorrhage Syndrome Childhood Leptospirosis Treatment Prevention References 80 Relapsing Fever and Borrelioses Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Reservoirs and Transmission of Relapsing Fever Borreliae (Fig. 80.1) Geographic Distribution (Fig. 80.2) Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Relapsing Fever Borreliae Pathogenesis Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References PART 4 The Mycoses 81 General Principles Key Features Distribution and Medical Importance Morphology Diagnosis Disease Classification Superficial Mycoses (See Chapter 82) Subcutaneous Mycoses or Mycoses of Implantation (See Chapter 83) Systemic Mycoses (See Chapters 84 and 85) References 82 Superficial Mycoses Key Features Dermatophyte Infection: Ringworm, Tinea Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathology, and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Foot Infections Tinea Imbricata Tinea Cruris (Ringworm of the Groin) Tinea Corporis (Ringworm of the Body) Tinea Capitis (Ringworm of the Scalp) Onychomycosis Dermatophytosis of Other Sites Diagnosis Culture and Molecular Diagnosis Treatment Topical Therapy Topical Antifungals Systemic Therapy Superficial Candidiasis Definition Epidemiology Natural History and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) Vaginal Candidiasis Paronychia and Candida Onychomycosis Candida Intertrigo Diagnosis Treatment Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor Introduction Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Other Superficial Mycoses Black Piedra White Piedra Tinea Nigra References 83 Subcutaneous Mycoses Key Features Introduction Mycetoma (Maduromycosis, Madura Foot) Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Direct Examination Culture or Molecular Detection Imaging Differential Diagnosis Treatment Eumycetoma Actinomycetoma Sporotrichosis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Cutaneous Sporotrichosis Pulmonary Sporotrichosis Disseminated Sporotrichosis Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Chromoblastomycosis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Rhinosporidiosis Introduction Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Subcutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by Basidiobolus Introduction Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Subcutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by Conidiobolus Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Other Subcutaneous Mycoses Phaeohyphomycosis Introduction and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Lobomycosis References 84 Protothecosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology, Natural History, and Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Histopathology Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Disclaimer References 85 Histoplasmosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Pulmonary Histoplasmosis Chronic Cavitary Pulmonary Histoplasmosis Disseminated Histoplasmosis Acute Disseminated Histoplasmosis Chronic Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Collection and Transport of Specimens Direct Examination Culture Antigen Detection Nucleic Acid Probes Serology and Skin Testing Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention African Histoplasmosis References 86 Coccidioidomycosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Primary Infection Pulmonary Infection Extrapulmonary Disease Meningitis and Other CNS Disease Soft Tissue and Osteoarticular Disease Coccidioidomycosis in Children Patient Evaluation and Diagnosis Treatment References 87 Blastomycosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Lung Lesions Skin Lesions Bone Lesions Systemic Infections Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 88 Paracoccidioidomycosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Non-Progressive Infections Progressive Forms Acute Form of Juvenile Type Chronic Form of Adult Type Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 89 Cryptococcosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Cryptococcus neoformans Infections CNS Involvement Lung Disease Cutaneous Infection Involvement of Other Sites Cryptococcus gattii Infections Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Patient Evaluation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Prevention of Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment Outcome References 90 Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Ecology Pathogenesis Clinical Features and Outcomes Diagnosis Complications and Co-Infections Antifungal Treatment and Prevention References 91 Pneumocystis Pneumonia Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 92 Treatment of Systemic Mycoses Key Features Introduction Amphotericin B Mechanism of Action Sensitive Organisms Pharmacologic Properties Therapeutic Use Toxicity Pregnancy Flucytosine Mechanism of Action Sensitive Organisms Pharmacokinetics Dosage and Administration Toxicity Therapeutic Indications Triazoles Mechanism of Action Itraconazole Fluconazole Voriconazole Posaconazole Isavuconazole Echinocandins Caspofungin Micafungin Anidulafungin References PART 5 Protozoal Infections 93 General Principles Key Features Parasitism Definitions Natural History Host Vector Protozoa Definitions Classification Sarcodina Mastigophora Ciliophora Sporozoa Physiology Ectoplasm Endoplasm Reproduction Transmission Intestinal Protozoa Blood and Tissue Protozoa Magnitude of the Health Problem Malaria African Trypanosomiasis American Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis Conclusion SECTION A Intestinal and Genital Infections 94 Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis) Key Features Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Features Intestinal Amebiasis Extra-Intestinal Amebiasis Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Microscopy Antigen Detection PCR Serology Endoscopic Procedures Imaging Procedures Other Treatment Amebic Colitis Amebic Liver Abscess Severe Disease Drainage Asymptomatic Intestinal Colonization Prevention References 95 Giardiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 96 Cryptosporidiosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Prevention References 97 Cyclosporiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 98 Cystoisospora belli (syn. Isospora belli) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 99 Miscellaneous Intestinal Protozoa Key Features Balantidiasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Dientamoeba Fragilis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Entamoeba Polecki Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Blastocystis Spp. Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Non-Pathogenic Intestinal Protozoa References 100 Trichomoniasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features History Physical Examination Complications Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References SECTION B Infections of the Blood and Reticuloendothelial System 101 Malaria Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Transmission Transfusion Malaria Acquired Immunity Innate Immunity Life Cycle and Pathogenesis Life Cycle Pathogenesis Fever Anemia Hypoglycemia Metabolic Acidosis Acute Respiratory Distress Renal Abnormalities Neurologic Changes and Coma Clinical Features Prodromal Symptoms Periodicity Uncomplicated Malaria Laboratory Findings Complicated Malaria Cerebral Malaria Post-Malaria Neurologic Syndrome Metabolic Acidosis Severe Anemia Respiratory Failure Algid Malaria Acute Kidney Injury Malaria in Pregnancy Diagnostic Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Blood Films Rapid Diagnostic Tests Interpreting the Results of Malaria Diagnostic Tests Diagnosing P. ovale Complicated Malaria Treatment Artemisinin-Based Therapies Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria Severe Malaria Post-Artesunate Delayed Hemolysis Pregnant Patients Non-Falciparum Malaria P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae P. knowlesi Supportive Care Fever Seizures Anemia Hypoglycemia Acidosis Pulmonary Edema/ARDS Renal Failure Adjuvant Therapies Prevention Intermittent Preventive Treatment During Pregnancy Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Infants Seasonal Malarial Chemoprevention Vaccines Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines Blood-Stage Vaccines Transmission-Blocking Vaccines Non-Falciparum Malaria Plasmodium vivax Clinical Presentation Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium knowlesi References 102 African Trypanosomiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Vector Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Polyclonal Activation of B Cells Clinical Features The Trypanosomal Chancre Hemolymphatic Stage (HAT Stage I) Meningoencephalitic Stage (HAT Stage II) Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Aspiration of Chancre or Lymph Node Blood Films Concentration Methods Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques Serologic Assays New Developments Treatment Management of HAT Stage I Pentamidine Suramin Management of HAT Stage II Melarsoprol Eflornithine (DFMO) Nifurtimox Combination Treatments in HAT New Drug Developments Prevention Individual Protection Control in Endemic Areas References 103 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Vector-Borne Transmission, Vectors, and Non-Human Reservoir Hosts Non-Vectorial Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission Geographic Distribution and Disease Burden Control and Prevention Natural History and Pathogenesis Life Cycle Pathogenesis and Pathology Clinical Manifestations Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Chagas Cardiomyopathy Chagas Digestive Disease Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in the Immunocompromised Host Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Organ Transplantation Recipients Reactivation of Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Organ Recipients Reactivation of Chagas Disease in HIV/AIDS Patients Diagnosis Utility of PCR for Diagnosis or Monitoring Diagnosis of Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Diagnosis of Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Diagnosis of Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Patient Evaluation Management Specific Anti-Parasitic Drugs Evidence Base for Anti-Trypanosomal Drug Therapy Indications for Anti-Trypanosomal Therapy Treatment of Acute and Early Congenital Infection Treatment of Chronic Infection Treatment of Immunocompromised Patients Documentation of Response After Specific Treatment Novel Anti-Trypanosomal Drug Candidates Management of Cardiac Disease Congestive Heart Failure Treatment Anti-Arrhythmic Treatment Cell Therapy Management of Digestive Disease References 104 Leishmaniasis Key Features 104.1 Leishmaniasis: General Principles Definition Life Cycle Taxonomy Clinical Classification Transmission and Epidemiology Immunology Spectrum of Clinical Disease Diagnostic Testing Principles of Treatment Definition of Cure Persistence of Viable Parasites Variability of Treatment Regimens References 104.2 Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) Definition Etiology Distribution Transmission and Epidemiology Reservoir Hosts Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Sub-Clinical or Oligosymptomatic Infections Symptoms of Kala-Azar Signs of Kala-Azar Laboratory Abnormalities Hematologic Other Complications Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Diagnosis Clinical Diagnosis Demonstration of Parasites Serologic Tests Differential Diagnosis Treatment Non-Specific or Supportive Care Specific Anti-Leishmanial Therapy Pentavalent Antimonials (SbV) Amphotericin B Paromomycin Miltefosine Combination Treatment Treatment of Relapses Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis HIV Co-Infection Pregnancy Prognosis Prevention and Control Human Management Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Reservoir Control Vector Control Vaccines References 104.3 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the Old World Definition Etiology Distribution and Epidemiology Leishmania major Leishmania tropica Leishmania aethiopica Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Leishmaniasis Recidivans Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Diagnosis Demonstration of the Organism Serologic Tests Differential Diagnosis Treatment Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Local Therapy Systemic Therapy Leishmaniasis Recidivans Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Prevention and Control Vector Control Immunization References 104.4 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the New World Definition Etiology Distribution and Epidemiology Leishmania mexicana Leishmania amazonensis Leishmania venezuelensis Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana Infections Caused by Other Leishmania Species Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Clinical Manifestations Cutaneous Disease Mucosal Leishmaniasis Diagnosis Demonstration of the Organism Serologic Tests Differential Diagnosis Treatment New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Pentavalent Antimonial Drugs Amphotericin B Pentamidine Azoles Miltefosine Local Agents Mucosal Leishmaniasis Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Prognosis Prevention and Control Disclaimer References 105 Babesiosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology United States Europe Asia Rest of the World Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Babesia microti Infection Other Babesia Infections Patient Evaluation and Diagnosis Treatment Babesia microti Infection Other Babesia Infections Prevention Acknowledgments References SECTION C Tissue Infection 106 Toxoplasmosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology The Parasite and Its Life Cycle Transmission Distribution and Prevalence Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Acute Postnatal-Acquired Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Patients Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Hosts Acute Toxoplasmosis During Pregnancy Congenital Toxoplasmosis Ocular Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Detection and Identification of the Parasite Serologic Testing Diagnosis of Acute Postnatal-Acquired Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Patients Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Hosts Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis Treatment Prevention Conclusion References 107 Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living Ameba Infections Key Features Introduction History Life Cycles of Free-Living Ameba and Morphology Epidemiology Central Nervous System Infection Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Evaluation Pathologic Features Management Prevention Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Evaluation Pathologic Features Management Prevention Acanthamoeba Infections Outside the Central Nervous System Acanthamoeba Keratitis Diagnostic Microbiology Management Prevention Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia Skin Infections Disclaimer References 108 Sarcocystosis Key Features Transmission and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Enteric Infection Muscle Infection Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Public Health Burden References 109 Microsporidiosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Infections in Immunocompetent Patients Infections in Patients With Immune Deficiencies Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment (Table 109.2) Prevention References PART 6 Helminthic Infections 110 General Principles Definitions Classification Annelida Nematoda Adult Nematodes Residing in the Gut Adults Nematodes Residing in the Blood, Lymphatic, or Subcutaneous Tissues Larval Stages Causing Human Pathologic Conditions in Various Tissues Infections Usually Limited to the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues Infections Primarily Involving the Muscles Infections Causing a Visceral Larva Migrans Syndrome Platyhelminthes Trematoda Cestoda Anatomy and Physiology Transmission Oral Transmission Transmission by Skin Penetration Transmission by Bite of a Vector Magnitude of the Health Problem Tropics and Subtropics Temperate Climates Migrants and Travelers Chemotherapy References SECTION A Intestinal Nematode Infections 111 Nematodes Limited to the Intestinal Tract (Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria philippinensis, and Trichostrongylus spp.) Key Features Enterobiasis Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Trichuriasis Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Intestinal Capillariasis Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Trichostrongyliasis Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 112 Intestinal Nematodes Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Immune Response Clinical Features Pulmonary Migration Intestinal Infections Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Chemotherapy Supportive Therapy Prevention References 113 Hookworm and Strongyloides Infections Key Features Hookworm Infections Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Ground Itch and Cutaneous Larva Migrans Pulmonary Manifestations Gastrointestinal Manifestations Iron-Deficiency Anemia Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Strongyloides Infections Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Acute Infection Chronic, Persisting Infection Hyperinfection Syndrome Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References SECTION B Filarial Infections 114 Lymphatic Filariasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Subclinical Infection Acute Manifestations Chronic Manifestations Genital Manifestations Lymphedema and Elephantiasis Chyluria Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia Lymphatic Filariasis in Expatriates and Travelers Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Patient Evaluation Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control Acknowledgment References 115 Loiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Calabar Swellings Eye Worm Other Symptoms Complications Central Nervous System Renal Endomyocardial Fibrosis Other Complications Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Definitive Diagnosis Presumptive Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention References 116 Onchocerciasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Skin Disease Nodules Lymph Nodes Eye Disease Other Complications Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Control References 117 Miscellaneous Filariae Key Features Mansonella Perstans Infection Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Mansonella Ozzardi Infection Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Streptocerciasis (Mansonella Streptocerca) Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Dirofilariasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Pulmonary Dirofilariasis Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis Clinical Features Pulmonary Dirofilariasis Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References SECTION C Other Tissue Nematode Infections 118 Dracunculiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology and Eradication Natural History, Pathogenesis, Pathology, and Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 119 Trichinellosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Intestinal or Enteral Phase Muscle Invasion or Parenteral Phase Neurologic Complications Convalescent Phase Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Indirect Diagnosis Direct Diagnosis Enteral Phase Parenteral Phase Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 120 Toxocariasis Key Features Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Epidemiology Clinical Features Laboratory Findings Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 121 Gnathostomiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 122 Eosinophilic Meningitis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 123 Abdominal Angiostrongyliasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Intestinal Lesions Extra-Intestinal Lesions Clinical Features Extra-Intestinal Findings Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 124 Cutaneous Larva Migrans Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 125 Anisakidosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References SECTION D Trematode Infections 126 Schistosomiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology History Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Immunology Clinical Features Cercarial Dermatitis Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama’s Fever) Chronic Pathology and Illness Urinary Schistosomiasis Bladder Cancer Intestinal Schistosomiasis Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis Inflammatory Hepatic Schistosomiasis Fibrotic or Chronic Hepatic Schistosomiasis Other Complications and Ectopic Schistosomiasis Pulmonary Schistosomiasis Schistosomal Glomerulonephritis Genital Schistosomiasis Neuroschistosomiasis Other Sites Association of Schistosomiasis and Other Infections Chronic Salmonella Co-Infections Co-Infections With Hepatitis B and C Indirect Pathology and Morbidity Global Burden of Disease Diagnosis Medical History and Examination Laboratory Findings Schistosoma Ova Identification by Microscopy Serology and Antigen Detection Other Testing Endoscopy and Cystoscopy Imaging Treatment Chemotherapeutic Agents Treatment of Acute Schistosomiasis and Complications Control and Prevention Other Human Schistosome Infections References 127 Intestinal Fluke Infections Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathology, and Pathogenesis Clinical Features Fasciolopsiasis Echinostomiasis Heterophyiasis Gastrodiscoidiasis Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 128 Liver Fluke Infections Key Features 128.1 Opisthorchiasis and Clonorchiasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Opisthorchis viverrini Clonorchis sinensis Prevention and Control References 128.2 Fascioliasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Migratory Phase Biliary Tract Infection Ectopic Fascioliasis Pharyngeal Form Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References 128.3 Dicroceliasis and Eurytremiasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment References 129 Paragonimiasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathology, and Pathogenesis Pulmonary Lesions Ectopic Lesions Clinical Manifestations Acute Stage Chronic Stage Pulmonary Paragonimiasis Extrapulmonary Paragonimiasis Cerebral and Spinal Paragonimiasis. Abdominal Paragonimiasis. Migratory Subcutaneous Paragonimiasis. Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and Control References SECTION E Cestode Infections 130 Tapeworm Infections Key Features 130.1 Taeniasis Introduction Epidemiology Infection Geography Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Microscopy Immunologic Tests Treatment Prevention and Control References 130.2 Diphyllobothriasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 130.3 Hymenolepiasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 130.4 Dipylidiasis Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 131 Larval Cestode Infections (Cysticercosis) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Manifestations Neurocysticercosis Ophthalmic Cysticercosis Muscular and Subcutaneous Cysticercosis Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis History of Taeniasis Imaging Serology and Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination Biopsy Differential Diagnosis Treatment Perilesional Edema Around Calcified Cysticerci Pediatric Cysticercosis Asymptomatic Neurocysticercosis Ophthalmic Cysticercosis Muscular and Subcutaneous Cysticercosis Prevention and Control References 132 Cystic Echinococcosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Liver Cysts Lung Cysts Other Sites Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Management and Treatment Benzimidazole Therapy Percutaneous Treatment of Hepatic Cysts Under Ultrasonographic Guidance Surgery “Watch and Wait” Prevention References 133 Alveolar Echinococcosis (Alveolar Hydatid Disease) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References 134 Polycystic Echinococcosis (Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcus) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 135 Sparganosis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Sparganum Proliferum References 136 Coenuriasis Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References PART 7 Poisonous and Toxic Plants and Animals 137 Animals Hazardous to Humans Introduction 137.1 Venomous Marine Animals Key Features Venomous Fish Incidence and Epidemiology Prevention Venom Composition Clinical Features Treatment CNIDARIANS, Formerly Coelenterates Epidemiology Prevention Clinical Features Treatment Echinodermata (Starfish and Sea Urchins) (Fig. 137.1.5) Treatment Mollusca (Cone Shells and Octopuses) Treatment References 137.2 Leeches Key Features Prevention Clinical Features Treatment References 137.3 Fish Capable of Inflicting Serious Trauma Key Features Sharks Management Prevention Other Dangerous Fish Barracudas Moray Eels (Muraenidae) Needle Fish (Garfish) (Tylosurus spp.) (Belonidae) (Fig. 137.3.4A and B) Stingrays (Dasyatidae) Piranhas (Pirañas) (Characidae) (Fig. 137.3.5A) Candiru (Vampire, Toothpick, or Penis Fish) (Vandellia cirrhosa) (Trichomycteridae) Management of Injuries by Other Dangerous Fish References 137.4 Lizards Key Features Introduction Venom Apparatus Venom Composition Heloderma Bites Symptoms of Envenoming Investigations First Aid Treatment References 137.5 Snakes Key Features Introduction Distribution of Venomous Snakes Snake Classification Colubridae, Dipsadidae, and Natricidae (Back-Fanged Snakes) Atractaspidinae (Family Lamprophiidae) (Burrowing Asps) Elapidae Viperidae Medically Important Snakes Incidence and Importance of Snakebite Epidemiology Prevention of Snakebite Venom Apparatus Venom Composition Necrotoxins Neurotoxins Cardiovascular and Autopharmacologic Toxins Variation in Venom Composition Pharmacology Clinical Effects General Symptoms and Signs Local Effects Bleeding and Clotting Disturbances Hypotension and Shock Neurotoxicity Generalized Rhabdomyolysis Acute Kidney Injury Venom Ophthalmia Caused by Spitting Cobras Laboratory Investigations Venom Immunodiagnosis Treatment of Snakebite First-Aid Treatment Tourniquets Pressure-Pad Immobilization and Pressure-Bandage Immobilization Transport to Medical Care Treatment by Medically Trained Personnel in a Hospital or Dispensary Antivenom Treatment Indications Contraindications Administration Response to Antivenom Adverse Antivenom Reactions Supportive Treatment Neurotoxic Envenoming Circulatory Collapse (Shock) Local Necrosis Intracompartmental Syndrome and Fasciotomy Local Infection at the Site of the Bite Acute Kidney Injury Other Drugs Treatment of Snake Venom Ophthalmia References Useful Websites Reference 138 Injurious Arthropods Key Features 138.1 Hypersensitization and Anaphylaxis Caused by Stings of Hymenopteran Insects Epidemiology Prevention Clinical Features Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis and Venom Hypersensitivity Treatment Treatment of Anaphylaxis References 138.2 Bites by Other Insects Resulting in Irritation, Allergy, and Transmission of Infections Clinical Features Specific Infections Transmitted by Biting Flies (Diptera) and Bugs (Hemiptera) Treatment Prevention References 138.3 Invasive Larvae of Flies (Myiasis) and Fleas (Tungiasis) Myiasis Cutaneous Myiasis Prevention and Treatment Wound Myiasis Control, Prevention, and Treatment Ophthalmomyiasis (Ocular Myiasis) Congo Floor Maggots Prevention and Treatment Tungiasis Treatment Prevention Differentiating Cutaneous Myiasis From Other Creeping Eruptions References 138.4 Superficial Infestations by Ectoparasitic Arthropods: Fleas, Lice, Mites, and Ticks Specific Infections Transmitted by Infesting Arthropods Fleas (Insecta, Family Pulicidae) Treatment Lice (Insecta, Family Pediculidae) Head Lice (Pediculus capitis) Treatment Prevention Body Lice (Pediculus humanus) Treatment Pubic (Crab) Lice (Pthirus pubis, Family Phthiridae) Treatment Mites (Arachnida) Scabies Mites (Acari, Family Sarcoptidae) Epidemiology Clinical Features Complications Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Trombiculid (Harvest) Mites (Acarani, Leptotrombidium spp., Family Trombiculidae) Prevention Bedbugs (Insecta, Cimex spp., Family Cimicidae) Ticks (Acari) Prevention of Tick-Transmitted Infections References 138.5 Envenoming by Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda) Ticks (Class Arachnida, Subclass Acari) Taxonomy and Epidemiology Clinical Features Treatment Spiders (Class Arachnida, Order Araneae) Epidemiology Clinical Features First-Aid Treatment Specific Treatment Supportive Treatment Tarantula Spiders (Mygalomorphae, Family Theraphosidae) Treatment Prevention Scorpions (Class Arachnida, Order Scorpiones, Families Buthidae, Hemiscorpiidae) Epidemiology Prevention Clinical Features Treatment Wind Scorpions, Camel Spiders, or Sun Spiders (Arachnida, Order Solifugae) Insects (Class Insecta) Beetles (Order Coleoptera) True Bugs (Order Hemiptera) Wasps, Bees, and Ants (Order Hymenoptera) (See Also Chapter 138.1) Epidemiology Clinical Features Treatment Moths (Order Lepidoptera) Centipedes and Millipedes (Subphylum Myriapoda) Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) Millipedes (Class Diplopida) References Useful Website 139 Poisonous Plants and Aquatic Animals 139.1 Seafood Poisoning: Fish and Shellfish Poisoning Key Features Introduction Prevention of Seafood Poisoning Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Histamine Fish Poisoning (Scombroid Fish Poisoning or Pseudoallergic Fish Poisoning) Seafood Poisoning With Generalized Rhabdomyolysis Poisoning by Ingesting Carp Gallbladder Shellfish Poisoning Diarrheal (Diarrhetic) Shellfish Poisoning and Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Pfiesteria-Associated Possible Estuary- Associated Syndrome Laboratory Diagnosis of Seafood Poisoning Differential Diagnosis Treatment of Seafood Poisoning References 139.2 Plant Poisoning Key Features Introduction Specific Plant Poisonings (Box 139.2.1) Gastrointestinal Irritants Skin Lesions Neurotoxic Plants Belladonna Alkaloids Hallucinogenic Plants Plants Causing Convulsions Plants With Nicotinic Effects Cardiotoxic Plants Aconitine Miscellaneous Cardiotoxic Plants Cytotoxic Plants Colchicine Toxalbumins Cyanogenic Glycosides Hepatotoxic Plants Nephrotoxic Plants References 139.3 Plant Cardiac Glycoside Poisoning Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References 139.4 Fungal Poisoning: Mycotoxicosis and Mushroom Poisoning Key Features Claviceps (Ergot) Poisoning Aspergillus (Aflatoxin) Poisoning Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetism, Mycetismus) Epidemiology Diagnosis Mushroom Toxins Cytotoxic Mushroom Poisoning Primary Hepatotoxicity (Amatoxin Poisoning) Mechanisms of Toxicity Symptoms Management Primary Nephrotoxicity Early Nephrotoxicity (Aminohexadienoic Acid Poisoning) Late Nephrotoxicity (Orellanine Poisoning) Neurotoxic Mushroom Poisonings Hallucinogenic (“Magic Mushroom”) Psilocybin Poisoning Autonomic-Toxicity Mushrooms (Muscarinic Poisoning) CNS Neuroexcitatory Mushrooms (Isoxazole Poisoning) Myotoxic Mushroom Poisoning Early Myotoxicity (Cycloprop-2-Ene Carboxylic Acid Poisoning) Late Myotoxicity (Saponaceolide B and M Poisoning) Metabolic Toxicity Mushroom Poisoning GABA-Blocking Mushroom Poisoning (Gyromitrin Poisoning) Disulfiram-Like Mushroom Poisoning (Coprine Poisoning) Antabuse Syndrome Gastrointestinal Irritant Mushroom Poisoning Chlorophyllum (Lepiota) molybdites (False or Green-Spored Parasol) and Macrilepiota (Lepiota) morganii (Morgan’s Mushroom) Poisoning Other Toxic Events Caused by Fungi Shiitake Mushroom Dermatitis (Lentinan Poisoning) Paxillus Syndrome References 140 Bats Key Features Introduction Bat Biology Bat-Transmitted Infections (Table 140.1) Rabies and Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses Species 1: (Classic) Rabies Species 2: Lagos Bat Virus Species 4: Duvenhage Virus Species 5 and 6: European Bat Lyssavirus Species 7: Australian Bat Lyssavirus Other Rabies-Related Viruses Vampire Bat Rabies (Latin America) Vampire Bat Biology Rabies Epizootics Prevention and Control of Vampire Bat Rabies Non-Vampire Bat Rabies Filoviruses: Marburg Virus and Ebola Virus Paramyxoviruses (Nipah, Hendra, Menangle) Hendra Virus Nipah Virus Other Viruses Bacterial Infections Histoplasmosis Other Fungi Protozoa Prevention of Bat-Transmitted Infections References 141 Pentastomiasis Key Features Introduction Human Infection With Linguatula Species Clinical Features Visceral and Ocular Pentastomiasis Nasopharyngeal Pentastomiasis Human Infection With Armillifer Species Clinical Features Visceral and Ocular Pentastomiasis Human Infection With Rare Pentastome Species Diagnosis Treatment Prevention References PART 8 Nutritional Problems and Deficiency Diseases 142 General Principles 143 Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Children Key Features Introduction Epidemiology and Consequences Causes of Protein-Energy Malnutrition Clinical Features Management of Mild or Moderate Malnutrition Phases of Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition Step 1: Treat/Prevent Hypoglycemia Step 2: Treat/Prevent Hypothermia Step 3: Treat/Prevent Dehydration Step 4: Correct Electrolyte Imbalance Step 5: Treat Infection Step 6: Correct Micronutrient Deficiencies Step 7: Start Cautious Feeding Criteria for Increasing Volume/Decreasing Frequency of F-75 Feeds Step 8: Achieve Catch-Up Growth Step 9: Provide Sensory Stimulation and Emotional Support Step 10: Prepare for Follow-Up After Recovery Treatment of Complications Community-Based Management of SAM Dose of Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic Food Reference Further Reading 144 Vitamin Deficiencies Key Features Introduction and Significance Vitamin A Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency Xerophthalmia Diagnosis of Vitamin A Deficiency Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency Clinically Important B Vitamin Deficiencies Beriberi and Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Ariboflavinosis and Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Pellagra and Niacin (Vitamin B3) Folate (Vitamin B9) Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Scurvy and Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Vitamin D Diagnosis of Vitamin D Deficiency Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency References 145 Mineral Deficiencies Key Features Introduction Iron Global Burden of Iron Deficiency Overview of Iron Biology Causes of Iron Deficiency Assessment of Iron Status Persons Affected and Consequences of Iron Deficiency Control of Iron Deficiency Conclusion Zinc Global Burden of Zinc Deficiency Overview of Zinc Biology Causes of Zinc Deficiency Assessment of Zinc Status Persons Affected and Consequences of Zinc Deficiency Control of Zinc Deficiency Conclusion Iodine Global Burden of Iodine Deficiency Overview of Iodine Biology Causes of Iodine Deficiency Assessment of Iodine Status Persons Affected and Consequences of Iodine Deficiency Control of Iodine Deficiency Conclusion Selenium Calcium and Magnesium Fluorine Lead Summary References PART 9 Vector Transmission of Diseases and Zoonoses SECTION A Medical Entomology 146 Arthropods of Public Health Importance Key Features Definitions Background Mosquitoes Biting Flies Phlebotomine Sand Flies Black Flies Tsetse Flies House Flies and Other “Filth Flies” Human Lice Human Body Lice Human Head Lice Human Pubic Lice Human Fleas Human Bed Bugs Kissing Bugs Ticks Ixodid (Hard) Ticks Argasid (Soft) Ticks Mites Biting Mites Human Scabies Mites References SECTION B Diseases Associated With Vectors (Arthropods in Disease Transmission) 147 Human Diseases Associated With Vectors (Arthropods in Disease Transmission) Key Features History Disease Transmission Mechanical Transmission Biologic (or Horizontal) Transmission Propagative Cyclopropagative Cyclodevelopmental Transovarial or Vertical Extrinsic Incubation Period Entomologic Inoculation Rate Barriers to Pathogen Development Factors Influencing Transmission Importance References SECTION C Vector Control 148 Arthropod Vector Control Key Features Introduction Ecology of Vector-Borne Diseases Personal and Household Vector Control Community-Level Vector Control Conclusion References PART 10 The Sick Returning Traveler 149 General Principles Key Features References 150 Fever in the Returned Traveler Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Individual Factors Pathogen Factors Clinical Features Undifferentiated Fever Malaria Enteric Fever (Salmonella Typhi, S. Paratyphi) Rickettsiae Arbovirus Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama Fever) Leptospirosis Amebic Liver Abscess Brucellosis Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii ) HIV and Other STIs Respiratory Tract Infections Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Gastrointestinal Infections Diarrhea Abdominal Pain Jaundice Neurologic Infections Meningitis Encephalitis Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Malaria Amebic Liver Abscess Enteric Fever Leptospirosis Rickettsiae Acute Schistosomiasis Bacterial Sepsis References 151 Malaria in the Returned Traveler Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Features Uncomplicated Malaria Severe or Complicated Malaria Patient Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Uncomplicated Disease Non-Falciparum Malaria Falciparum Malaria Severe Disease Chemotherapy Supportive Therapy Adjunctive Treatment Monitoring and Prognosis References 152 Screening of the Asymptomatic Long-Term Traveler Key Features Introduction How Does a Clinician Evaluate an Asymptomatic Long-Term Traveler on Return? History Examination General Screening Tests Targeted Disease Evaluation Eosinophilia Schistosomiasis Sexual Health and HIV Screening Trypanosomiasis Tuberculosis Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Malaria Psychological Health Conclusions References 153 Persistent Abdominal Symptoms in the Returned Traveler Key Features Introduction Pathoetiologic Classification Assessment Investigations Management References 154 Skin Lesions in Returning Travelers Key Features Introduction Approach to a Traveler With a Skin Lesion Localized Skin Diseases Skin and Soft Tissue Infection Creeping Dermatitis Cutaneous Ulcer Fixed Localized Papules and Nodules Fixed and Localized Pruritic Eruption Arthropod-Related Dermatitis Contact Dermatitis Dermatophytosis Other Localized Dermatologic Syndromes Disseminated Skin Diseases Febrile Exanthem Urticaria Disseminated Pruritus With or Without Rash Prevention References 155 Eosinophilia in Migrants and Returned Travelers Key Features Introduction General Principles History and Physical Examination Laboratory Investigations Direct Microscopy Serology Management Follow-Up Issues Clinical Syndromes Asymptomatic Eosinophilia Fever and/or Respiratory Symptoms Katayama Syndrome Loeffler’s Syndrome Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary Symptoms Strongyloidiasis Soil-Transmitted Helminths (Geohelminths) Schistosomiasis/Bilharzia: Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium Hydatid Liver Flukes Neurologic Symptoms Dermatologic Presentations Filariasis: Onchocerciasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, and Loa loa References 156 Immigrant Medicine Key Features Introduction Pre-Departure and Post-Arrival Health Assessment Infectious Diseases of Immigrants Febrile Illnesses Pulmonary Gastrointestinal Neurologic and Ophthalmologic Cardiac Genitourinary Dermatologic Non-Infectious Diseases of Immigrants Conclusion References 157 International Adoption Key Features Introduction Overall Approach and Initial Evaluation Tuberculosis Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Syphilis HIV Intestinal Pathogens Malaria Eosinophilia Skin Disease Immunizations Conclusion References 158 Medical Tourism Key Features Introduction Services Available via Medical Tourism Statistics on Medical Tourism Locations for Medical Tourism Services Infection-Related Risks Quality Control, Safety, and Risk The Returning Medical Tourist General Concerns Conclusions References 159 Transplant Patients and Tropical Diseases Key Features Introduction Transplant Tourism Degrees of Immunosuppression Disease Distribution in Returning Travelers Malaria in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Leishmaniasis in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Strongyloidiasis in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Toxoplasmosis in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients References 160 Delusional Infestation (Delusional Parasitosis) Key Features Introduction Epidemiology Natural History, Pathogenesis, and Pathology Classification of Delusional Infestation Primary Delusional Infestation Secondary Delusional Infestation: Associated With Underlying Psychiatric Disease Secondary Delusional Infestation: Associated With Underlying Medical Conditions Morgellons Clinical Features Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnosis Psychiatric Assessment Treatment First-Generation Anti-Psychotic Agents Second-Generation Anti-Psychotic Agents Outcome and Prognosis References PART 11 Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases 161 General Principles 161.1 Preparation of Samples for Morphologic Diagnosis of Parasites in Stool and Urine Specimens Introduction Physical Characteristics of the Specimen Techniques of Stool Examination Direct Wet Film Modified D’Antoni Iodine Solution Permanent Staining of Fixed Specimens Concentration Methods Examination of Urine and Vaginal Secretions Special Detection Methods Agar Plate Culture for Strongyloides Larvae Cellophane Tape for Enterobius and Taenia Eggs Methods for Estimation of Worm Burden Kato–Katz Thick-Smear Technique Special Methods for Intestinal Helminths Platyhelminths Nematodes References 161.2 Examination of Blood, Other Body Fluids, Tissues, and Sputum Examination of Fresh Blood The Thin Film Thick Blood Films Estimating Numbers of Malaria Parasites in Blood Blood Concentration Procedures Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid Tissue Impressions Biopsy and Aspiration Duodenal Sampling and Biopsy Examination of Sputum Culture Methods Animal Inoculation References PART 12 Drugs Used in Tropical Medicine 162 Albendazole Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60 Years) Resistance Storage Further Reading 163 Artemisinin Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug IntERactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pedatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Comments on Use Further Reading 164 Benznidazole Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Further Reading 165 Dapsone Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration How to Give the Drug Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Comments on Use Further Reading 166 Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration How to Give the Drug Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Due to the Drug Itself Due to the Effect on the Parasite Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Comments on Use References 167 Eflornithine Description Available Product Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events: Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Further Reading 168 Ivermectin Description Available Product Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration How to Give the Drug Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States References 169 Mebendazole Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60 Years) Resistance Storage Further Reading 170 Miltefosine Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Hepatic Failure Dose Route of Administration How to Give the Drug Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy (boxed warning) Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Comments on Use Further Reading 171 Nifurtimox Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Comments on Use Further Reading 172 Nitazoxanide Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60 Years) Resistance Storage Further Reading 173 Pentamidine Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Injectable Inhaled Route of Administration How to Give the Drug Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60 Years) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Comments on Use Further Reading 174 Pentavalent Antimony Description Available Products Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration How to Give the Drug Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug Interactions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (Age >60 Years) Resistance Storage Product Insert Availability in the United States Comments on Use References 175 Praziquantel Description Available Product Indications Mode of Action Pharmacokinetics Dose Adjustments in Renal Failure Dose Adjustments in Liver Failure Dose Route of Administration Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Key Drug IntEractions Contraindications Use in Special Populations Pregnancy Lactation Pediatrics Elderly (age >60) Resistance Storage Availability in the United States Further Reading Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
نظرات کاربران
کتاب های تصادفی
دانلود کتاب Die Beteiligung im Verwaltungsverfahren (Forschungen aus Staat und Recht 164)
دانلود کتاب Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories: Contemporary Africa in Focus
دانلود کتاب Control of distributed parameter systems 1989
دانلود کتاب A Mermaid's Ransom
