Hungarian Psychiatry, Society and Politics in the Long Nineteenth Century: Psychiatry’s Dual Monarchy

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
2 Histories of Psychiatry and the Hungarian Model
	The Self-Image of Late-Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry
	Histories of European Psychiatry
		The World Without Psychiatry
		Therapeutic Asylums and Moral Treatment
		Academic Research and Biological Psychiatry
	The Hungarian Model
		Care for the Insane in Hungary from the Late-Eighteenth to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century
			Religious Care: The Eger Hospital of the Hospitaller Order
			Early State Initiatives in the Field of Public Health Care
		Medical Teaching and Professional Forums
			Nationalism and Medical Forums
		Boom in Psychiatric and Medical Institutions (1860s–1920)
			Public Asylums and Hospitals
			Legislation for the Insane
			Pressure of Numbers and Alternative Institutions
		Modern Scientific Research and Professionalisation (1870s–1920)
3 The Bourgeois Family World of the Private Asylum: The Schwartzer Enterprise from 1850
	The Schwartzer Dynasty
	The Private Asylum
		Pólya’s Asylum
		Schwartzer’s Asylum
	Laboratory of the Human Body and Soul: Schwartzer’s Comprehensive Theory of Mental Illness in Context
		Enlightenment and Romantic Traditions in the Culture of Austro-Hungarian Medicine
			Western Theories of the Mind
			The Medical Culture of Nineteenth-Century Vienna and Pest
		Aetiology of Mental Illnesses in Schwartzer’ Theory
			Predisposing Causes
			Precipitating Causes
			Patient Observation
	The Therapeutic Asylum
		Physical Treatment
		Moral Treatment
		Doctor and Patient
	Conclusion: The Schwartzer Psychiatric Enterprise
4 The Kingdom in Miniature: Public Mental Asylums from the 1860s
	Asylum Life Under Four Directors, 1868–1920
		Life Conditions, Nursing and Treatment
		The Use of Coercion and Restraint
	Legal Regulation Versus Reality of Admission, Discharge and Guardianship in Asylums and Psychiatric Hospital Wards
		Medical and Bureaucratic Criteria and Conditions of Admission
		The Double System of Admission and Guardianship
5 The University Clinic and the Birth of Biological Psychiatry. Academic Research, Teaching and Therapy from the 1880s
	Self-Perception. Teaching and Research in the Making of the Psychiatrist
	The Medical Context of Nineteenth-Century Scientific Psychiatry
	Károly Laufenauer and the Establishment of the Department of Mental Health and Pathology and Its Related Clinic
		Laufenauer’s Observation Ward and the Mad Strangler at Saint Roch Hospital
		The Split and Move of the Clinic
	Academic Research by Károly Laufenauer and Károly Schaffer
		Neuro-Anatomy, Neuro-Pathology and Brain-Histology
		Hypnosis Studies
	The Integrative Function of the University Clinic in a Fragmenting Profession
6 Fragmenting Institutional Landscape. Alternatives of Specialised Institutions, Colonies and Family Care on the Turn-of-the-Century
	The Relationship of Academic and Asylum Psychiatry
	Old Problems, New Ways. Alternatives to the Mental Asylum
		“Annex Asylums”
		Family Care and Colonies
		Small Specialised Institutes for “Imbeciles” and “Idiots,” Epileptics, Alcoholics, Nervous Patients, and Criminals
			Institutes for “Imbeciles” and “Idiots”
			Epileptic Institute
			Institute for Alcoholics
			Sanatoria for Nervous Ailments
			National Observation- and Mental Hospital for Persons in Detention and Prisoners
7 Asylum Statistics and the Psycho-Social Reality of the Hungarian Kingdom
	Social Parameters of Asylum Populations
		Gender and Age Distribution
		Marital Status and Religious Affiliation
		Religion
		Social and Professional Status
	The “Medical Parameters” of Asylums
		Problematic Taxonomy
		Admission Categories of Mental Disorders
		Discharges
8 Invading the Public and the Private: The Hygiene of Everyday Life, Shell-Shock and the Politics of Turn-of-the-Century Psychiatric Expertise
	Shifts in the Social Functions of Psychiatry by the Turn of the Century
		Degeneration, Social Problems and Prophylactics
		Neurasthenia or Nervous Exhaustion
		Paralysis Progressiva and Female Emancipation
		Alcohol Problems, Class and Crime
		Darwinism, Lamarckism and Elements of Eugenic Thinking
	Shell Shock and Traumatic Neurosis48
		Artúr Sarbó and the Theory of Micro-Structural Changes
		Ernő Jendrássik’s Degenerationist Understanding of War Neurosis
		Viktor Gonda’s “New Electroshock Therapy” at the Rózsahegy Hospital
		Sándor Ferenczi and the “Discovery of the Psyche”: The Psychoanalytical Approach
9 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index