Human Services in Contemporary America , Seventh Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 14
CHAPTER 1 Human Services in the United States Today......Page 18
Introduction......Page 19
Human Needs: Focus of Human Services......Page 20
Criticisms of Maslow’s Theory......Page 22
Self-Help Groups......Page 23
Effects of Social Programs on Primary Supports......Page 24
Overview of Human Services......Page 25
Human Services Workers......Page 26
Kinds of Help Provided......Page 27
Sponsors of Human Services......Page 29
Studying Human Services Firsthand......Page 30
Human Services Workers and Bureaucracy......Page 31
The Trend Toward Privatization......Page 32
Sources of Need Satisfaction......Page 34
Falling Through the Safety Net......Page 35
A Conservative Point of View......Page 36
Election of 2000: The Bush Administration......Page 37
Congressional Elections of 2002: A Setback for Liberals......Page 38
Election of 2004: The Second Bush Term and the Culture Wars......Page 39
The Ebb and Flow of Support for Human Services......Page 40
Natural Disasters......Page 41
Terrorism......Page 45
Poverty......Page 48
Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 49
Social Change......Page 55
Economic and Political Factors......Page 57
Psychological Stress......Page 59
The Crisis in Health Care......Page 62
Canadian National Health Plan: A Model for the United States?......Page 64
Managed Care......Page 65
Summary......Page 67
Additional Reading......Page 68
References......Page 69
CHAPTER 2 Groups in Need......Page 73
America’s Poor......Page 75
Who Are the Poor?......Page 76
Welfare......Page 77
Other Programs for the Poor......Page 80
Consequences of Joblessness......Page 82
Impact of Unemployment on Human Services......Page 83
Children of Single-Parent Families......Page 84
Abused and Neglected Children......Page 86
Who Are the Victims?......Page 90
Theories......Page 92
Interventions......Page 93
Social Security......Page 94
Health Care for the Aged......Page 96
The Dementias......Page 97
Community Programs for Senior Citizens......Page 98
Nursing Homes......Page 99
Working with Senior Citizens......Page 100
Mainstreaming People with Disabilities......Page 101
Psychological Barriers Against People with Disabilities......Page 103
The Rehabilitation Process......Page 104
People with Mental Illness......Page 105
Trends in Mental Health Care......Page 106
Current Problems in Mental Health Care......Page 109
What Mental Health Services Are Needed?......Page 110
Substance Abusers......Page 112
Alcoholics......Page 113
Heroin Addicts......Page 115
Cocaine Abusers......Page 116
Conflicting Approaches to the Drug Problem......Page 118
Interactions Between Legal and Therapeutic Approaches......Page 119
Criminals......Page 120
Juvenile Offenders......Page 121
Adult Offenders......Page 123
Causes of Retardation......Page 125
Classifying People with Mental Retardation......Page 126
The Homeless......Page 129
Why Are People Homeless?......Page 130
Helping the Homeless......Page 131
What Is AIDS?......Page 132
The AIDS Epidemic......Page 133
Preventing the Spread of AIDS......Page 134
Care for People with AIDS......Page 135
AIDS and the Health Care System......Page 136
Summary......Page 137
Additional Reading......Page 138
References......Page 139
CHAPTER 3 Human Services in Historical Perspective......Page 144
Prehistoric Civilizations......Page 145
Early Civilizations......Page 146
Middle Ages......Page 148
Human Welfare Services Since the Renaissance......Page 150
Industrial Revolution......Page 152
Early Reform Movements in the United States......Page 154
The Depression and World War II......Page 155
Early Mental Asylums......Page 156
Era of Humanitarian Reform......Page 158
Freud’s Influence......Page 159
Trend Toward Deinstitutionalization and Decentralization......Page 160
Community Mental Health Movement......Page 161
Advent of Generalist Human Services Workers......Page 162
Future Trends......Page 163
Additional Reading......Page 168
References......Page 169
CHAPTER 4 Theoretical Perspectives......Page 171
Introduction......Page 172
Theories About Human Disorders......Page 173
Three Levels of Observation......Page 174
Political Implications of Theory......Page 175
Medical Procedure......Page 176
Treatment Approaches of the Medical Model......Page 177
Other Medical Treatments......Page 178
Criticisms of the Medical Model......Page 182
Hansell’s Theory......Page 183
Human Services Interventions......Page 184
Holistic Trend in Medical Theory......Page 185
Psychoanalytic Viewpoint......Page 187
Therapeutic Concepts......Page 188
Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy......Page 189
Criticisms of Psychoanalysis......Page 191
Humanistic Perspective......Page 192
Humanistic Approach to Helping......Page 193
Positive Aspects of the Humanistic Approach......Page 195
Classical Conditioning......Page 196
John B. Watson and Little Albert......Page 197
Behavioristic View of Abnormal Behavior......Page 198
Positive Aspects of Behavioristic Approaches......Page 201
Alternative Therapies......Page 202
Systems Theory......Page 204
Additional Reading......Page 205
References......Page 206
CHAPTER 5 The Human Services Worker......Page 209
Introduction......Page 210
The Relationship in Psychoanalytic Therapy......Page 211
The Relationship in Behavior Therapy......Page 212
Empathy......Page 213
Genuineness......Page 214
Self-Awareness......Page 215
Acceptance......Page 216
Basic Helping Skills......Page 217
Listening......Page 218
Communicating......Page 219
Observing......Page 221
Confronting......Page 222
Clarifying......Page 223
Problem Solving......Page 224
Interviewing......Page 225
Report Writing......Page 226
Values......Page 227
Professional Codes of Ethics......Page 228
Multicultural Awareness......Page 231
Crisis Intervention......Page 234
Crisis Intervention Strategies......Page 237
Human Rights, the Law, and Human Services......Page 238
Due Process......Page 239
The Worker in Group Settings......Page 240
Group Leadership Skills......Page 241
The Worker in the Community......Page 243
Advocacy......Page 244
Community Outreach......Page 246
Case Management......Page 247
Additional Reading......Page 249
References......Page 250
CHAPTER 6 Careers in Human Services......Page 254
Introduction......Page 255
Functions......Page 256
Training and Education......Page 260
Training and Education......Page 261
Creative Arts Therapy......Page 262
Functions......Page 263
Training and Education......Page 264
Functions......Page 265
Functions......Page 267
Training and Education......Page 270
Counseling......Page 271
Functions......Page 272
Training and Education......Page 275
Functions......Page 277
Treatment Settings......Page 278
Training and Education......Page 280
Functions......Page 281
Training and Education......Page 284
Functions......Page 285
Training and Education......Page 286
Professional Organizations......Page 287
Additional Reading......Page 289
References......Page 290
CHAPTER 7 Social Policy......Page 292
What Is Social Policy?......Page 293
Social Policy in the Past......Page 294
Social Policy in Modern Times......Page 295
Purpose and Types of Social Policy......Page 296
The Scope of Social Policy......Page 297
Making Social Policy......Page 298
Who Identifies Social Problems?......Page 299
Initiating Social Policy......Page 301
Who Are the Decision Makers?......Page 302
Research......Page 303
Pressure and Lobbying......Page 305
The Media......Page 307
Funding......Page 309
Interpretation of Policy......Page 310
Recognizing Deceptive Arguments......Page 311
Defining Poverty......Page 313
Evaluating Sources of Information......Page 315
Recognizing Stereotypes......Page 316
Additional Reading......Page 317
References......Page 318
CHAPTER 8 Prevention in Human Services......Page 320
Defining Prevention and Its Targets......Page 321
Ancient Preliterate and Literate Civilizations......Page 322
The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries......Page 323
The 1960s Through the 1990s......Page 325
Primary Prevention......Page 326
Secondary Prevention......Page 328
Why an Emphasis on Primary Prevention Is Crucial......Page 329
Primary Prevention Strategies......Page 333
A Sample of Primary Prevention Programs......Page 334
Obstacles to Development of Primary Prevention Programs......Page 336
Professional Issues......Page 337
Political Issues......Page 338
Summary of Primary Prevention Programs......Page 339
References......Page 340
CHAPTER 9 Current Controversies and Issues......Page 343
Clash of Values in Social Policies......Page 344
Welfare......Page 345
Euthanasia......Page 346
Reproductive Choices......Page 347
Government: How Much Support for the Needy?......Page 348
Target Populations: The Struggle for Support......Page 349
The AIDS Epidemic......Page 350
The Homeless......Page 351
Welfare Recipients......Page 352
Professionalism in the Human Services......Page 354
The Role of Human Services Workers......Page 357
Whom Do Human Services Workers Serve?......Page 358
Additional Reading......Page 360
References......Page 361
GLOSSARY......Page 363
NAME INDEX......Page 375
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 380