Human-Robot Interaction: An Introduction

Cover
Front Matter
Human–Robot Interaction:
An Introduction
Copyright
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 About this book
	1.2 Christoph Bartneck
	1.3 Tony Belpaeme
	1.4 Friederike Eyssel
	1.5 Takayuki Kanda
	1.6 Merel Keijsers
	1.7 Selma Sabanovic
2 What Is Human–Robot Interaction?
	2.1 The focus of this book
	2.2 HRI as an interdisciplinary endeavor
	2.3 The evolution of HRI
3 How a Robot Works
	3.1 The making of a robot
	3.2 Robot hardware
	3.3 Sensors
		3.3.1 Vision
		3.3.2 Audio
		3.3.3 Tactile sensors
		3.3.4 Other sensors
	3.4 Actuators
		3.4.1 Motors
		3.4.2 Pneumatic actuators
		3.4.3 Speakers
	3.5 Software
		3.5.1 Software architecture
		3.5.2 Software-implementation platform
		3.5.3 Machine learning
		3.5.4 Computer vision
	3.6 Limitations of robotics for HRI
	3.7 Conclusion
4 Design
	4.1 Design in HRI
		4.1.1 Robot morphology and form
		4.1.2 Affordances
		4.1.3 Design patterns
		4.1.4 Design principles in HRI
	4.2 Anthropomorphization in HRI Design
		4.2.1 Anthropomorphization and robots
		4.2.2 Theorizing anthropomorphism
		4.2.3 Designing anthropomorphism
		4.2.4 Measuring anthropomorphization
	4.3 Design methods
		4.3.1 Engineering design process
		4.3.2 User-centered design process
		4.3.3 Participatory design
	4.4 Prototyping tools
	4.5 Culture in HRI design
	4.6 From machines to people, and the in between
	4.7 Conclusion
5 Spatial Interaction
	5.1 Use of space in human interaction
		5.1.1 Proxemics
		5.1.2 Group spatial interaction dynamics
	5.2 Spatial interaction for robots
		5.2.1 Localization and navigation
		5.2.2 Socially appropriate positioning
		5.2.3 Spatial dynamics of initiating HRI
		5.2.4 Informing users of the robot’s intent
	5.3 Conclusion
6 Nonverbal Interaction
	6.1 Functions of nonverbal cues in interaction
	6.2 Types of nonverbal interaction
		6.2.1 Gaze and eye movement
		6.2.2 Gesture
		6.2.3 Mimicry and Imitation
		6.2.4 Touch
		6.2.5 Posture and movement
		6.2.6 Interaction rhythm and timing
	6.3 Nonverbal interaction in robots
		6.3.1 Robot perception of nonverbal cues
		6.3.2 Generating nonverbal cues in robots
	6.4 Conclusion
7 Verbal Interaction
	7.1 Human–human verbal interaction
		7.1.1 Components of speech
		7.1.2 Written text versus spoken language
	7.2 Speech recognition
		7.2.1 Basic principles of speech recognition
		7.2.2 Limitations
		7.2.3 Practice in HRI
		7.2.4 Voice-activity detection
		7.2.5 Language understanding in HRI
	7.3 Dialogue management
		7.3.1 Basic principle
		7.3.2 Practice in HRI
	7.4 Speech production
		7.4.1 Practice in HRI
	7.5 Conclusion
8 Emotion
	8.1 What are emotions, mood, and affect?
		8.1.1 Emotion and interaction
	8.2 Understanding human emotions
	8.3 When emotions go wrong
	8.4 Emotions for robots
		8.4.1 Emotion interaction strategies
		8.4.2 Artificial perception of emotions
		8.4.3 Expressing emotions with robots
		8.4.4 Emotion models
	8.5 Challenges in affective HRI
9 Research Methods
	9.1 Defining a research question and approach
		9.1.1 Is your research exploratory or confirmatory?
		9.1.2 Are you establishing correlation or causation?
	9.2 Choosing among qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
		9.2.1 User studies
		9.2.2 System studies
		9.2.3 Observational studies
		9.2.4 Ethnographic studies
		9.2.5 Conversational analysis
		9.2.6 Crowdsourced studies
		9.2.7 Single-Subject Studies
	9.3 Selecting research participants and study designs
		9.3.1 Study design
	9.4 Defining the context of interaction
		9.4.1 Location of study
		9.4.2 Temporal context of HRI
		9.4.3 Social units of interaction in HRI
	9.5 Choosing a robot for your study
	9.6 Setting up the mode of interaction
		9.6.1 Wizard of Oz
		9.6.2 Real versus simulated interaction
	9.7 Selecting appropriate HRI measures
	9.8 Research standards
		9.8.1 Changing standards of statistical analysis
		9.8.2 Power
		9.8.3 Generalizability and replication
		9.8.4 Ethical considerations in HRI studies
	9.9 Conclusion
10 Applications
	10.1 Service robots
		10.1.1 Tour guide robots
		10.1.2 Receptionist robots
		10.1.3 Robots for sales promotion
	10.2 Robots for learning
	10.3 Robots for entertainment
		10.3.1 Pet and toy robots
		10.3.2 Robots for exhibitions
		10.3.3 Robots in the performing arts
		10.3.4 Sex robots
	10.4 Robots in healthcare and therapy
		10.4.1 Robots for senior citizens
		10.4.2 Robots for people with autism spectrum disorder
		10.4.3 Robots for rehabilitation
	10.5 Robots as personal assistants
	10.6 Service robots
	10.7 Collaborative robots
	10.8 Self-driving cars
	10.9 Remotely operated robots
	10.10 Future applications
	10.11 Problems for robot application
		10.11.1 Addressing user expectations
		10.11.2 Addiction
		10.11.3 Attention theft
		10.11.4 Loss of interest by user
		10.11.5 Robot abuse
	10.12 Conclusion
11 Robots in Society
	11.1 Robots in popular media
		11.1.1 Robots want to be humans
		11.1.2 Robots as a threat to humanity
		11.1.3 Superior robots being good
		11.1.4 Similarity between humans and robots
		11.1.5 Narratives of robotic science
	11.2 Ethics in HRI
		11.2.1 Robots in research
		11.2.2 Robots to fulfill emotional needs
		11.2.3 Robots in the workplace
	11.3 Conclusion
12 The Future
	12.1 The nature of human–robot relationships
	12.2 The technology of HRI
	12.3 Crystal ball problems
References
Index
Notes