Human Rights Violations in Latin America: Reparation and Rehabilitation

Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Psychology and Human Rights: An Introduction
	Outline of the Book
	Conclusions
	References
Part I: History, Situations, Concepts, and Approaches
	Chapter 2: Psychology and Human Rights in Chile: Assistance, Registration, Denunciation, Rehabilitation, and Reparation
		Introduction
		Emergency Psychological Support: 1973–1975
		From Emergency to Institutionalization
		New Mental Health Programs
		Main Concepts of the Psychological Approach of Mental Health Teams
		International and Academic Relations Between Mental Health and Human Rights Teams
		Recognition and Reparation of Victims
		The Past That Still Lives in the Present
		References
	Chapter 3: Method of Forced Disappearance and Trials for Crimes Against Humanity: A Dialogue Between the Legal and Subjective Dimensions—Specifics of the Argentine Case
		Introduction
		The Trials and Amnesty Laws
		The Imprint Left by Disappearance on Society: Victims’ Efforts in Court
		Between the Legal and the Clinical
			Disappearance as Torture: Its Effects on Survivors and the Families of the Disappeared
			Trauma in Survivors of Clandestine Detention Centers
			The Mourning of Forced Disappearance: Unregistered Mourning That Never Ends
			The Narration of Trauma in Court
			In Closing: Crimes Against Humanity, Challenges and Support from the Legal and Clinical Dimensions
		References
	Chapter 4: Locating Children Appropriated by Dictatorships of the Southern Cone: Questioning Identities
		Traces...
		The Appropriations
		Restitution
		The Discourse of “Abuelas” Over Time
		The “Restitution” Debate
		Events That Weave the Story(ies) into Life Narratives: Dis-encounters in the Encounter
		Dilemmatic Identities
		The Process Within the Socio-Historical Evolution
		By Way of In-Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Photography and Film in the Experience of Identity Restitution: Writing with Light
		Introduction: Mamá Coco and Her Missing Father
		Appropriation and Restitution of Children: Clinical and Social Consequences
		Photography in Clinician Restitution: Imaginary, Symbolic, Real Traces
		Film: Filial Photograms
		By Way of Synthesis
		References
Part II: Psychosocial Assistance and Intervention Methodologies
	Chapter 6: The Method and Methodology of Psychosocial Accompaniment Work: A Contribution for At-Risk Defenders in Mexico
		The Current Sociopolitical Scene in Mexico and the Political Stakes of the Organization “Aluna Acompañamiento Psicosocial” (Aluna Psychosocial Accompaniment)
		Aluna’s Psychosocial Accompaniment: Work Method, Model, and Methodology
			Defending Territory Means Fighting for Life…
		Final Reflections
		References
	Chapter 7: Construction of a Model of Psychosocial Care and Support: Training of Peer Psychosocial Companions—An Experience from Mexico
		Historical Context
			The “Dirty War”
			The “Zapatista Movement,” the “Acteal Massacre,” and the “Aguas Blancas Massacre”
			Femicides in Ciudad Juárez
			The Narco War and the Crisis of Disappearances in Mexico
			Assistance Actions and Psychosocial Support
			The Mexican Model of Psychosocial Care and Accompaniment (MMAAPSI)
			Methodological Approach to the Formation of Peer Psychosocial Companions
			Discussion and Conclusions
		References
Part III: Psychotherapeutic Interventions
	Chapter 8: Psychotherapy with Former Political Prisoners in Uruguay: The Vision of the Therapists
		Introduction
			On Political Prison and Torture
			Psychosocial Care
			Clinic Contributions of SERSOC
			Psychotherapy and Late Effects of Torture
				Reasons for Consultation and Late Effects
				Therapeutic Goals
				The Place of Politics in the Treatments Process
				Analysis of the Experiences of Torture
				Provide More Emotional Support Than Interpretation
			Contributions of Group Psychotherapy
		Final Thoughts
		References
	Chapter 9: Arpilleras of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Post-War Guatemala: Accompaniment in Processes of Psychosocial Reparation
		Introduction: Arpilleras, Patches of Repair for Violence Against Women
		The Protagonists and the Context of Reconstruction of the Experience
		Dimensions of Psychosocial Analysis of the Arpilleras
		Group Process
		Emotional Setting and Group Cohesion
		Symbolic and Projective Representations of Trauma
		Psychosocial Impact of Violence
		Reintegration of the Traumatic Experience
		By Way of Conclusions. Creativity and Reparation with Survivors of Violence
		References
	Chapter 10: Group Therapeutic Strategies and Human Rights. Human Rights Violations in Chile
		Introduction: Trauma and Groupness
		Consequences of Political Repression on Groupness
		Self-Help Groups, Community Interventions, and Group Interventions
		Group Interventions with Returnees from Exile
		Group Processes and Fear
		Group Psychotherapies with Adolescents and Young People
		Group Psychotherapy with Adults
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Psychological and Psychosocial Approach and Support During Forensic Examinations and Trials
	Chapter 11: El Mozote Massacre: Expert Research and Challenges of Psychosocial Reparation
		Introduction: “From Madness to Hope”: In Context
		Memory and Truth
		Methodology, Participants, Objectives, Procedure, and Instruments
			Stages of the Research
			Results
				The Horror Map
				Women, Girls, and Boys
				The Impact on the Community
				Surviving Victims Focus Group Forced Displacement
		Impunity, Justice, and the Search for the Truth
		The Personal Impact on Health
		The Memory Narrated as Part of the Psychosocial Repair Process
		Ruling of the Inter-American Human Rights Court
		References
	Chapter 12: Psychosocial Work in the Transitional Justice Framework: The Women of Sepur Zarco
		The Armed Conflict in Guatemala
		Women of Sepur Zarco
		The Psychosocial Situation of Women at the Beginning of Work
		Psychosocial Work Prior to the Justice Process
		Initial Elements of Psychosocial Work
		The Judicial Case of the Women of Sepur Zarco
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13: Contribution of the Psycho-forensic Evidence in the Inter-American Court in the Case of Lonkos and Mapuche Indigenous Leaders Versus Chile
		Introduction
		The Inter-American Human Rights System
		Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples
		The Mapuche People in Chile
		Antiterrorist Law and Criminalization of Demands for Indigenous Rights in Chile
		Lonkos Case and Mapuche Leaders’ vs. Chile in Inter-American Court
		Psychosocial Effects of Prosecutions for Crimes Considered Terrorist
			Documentation Procedure
			Expert Documentation Instruments
		Effects of the Prosecutions and Convictions of Mapuche Authorities and Leaders
		Traumatic Events Associated with the Use of the Antiterrorist Law
		Cultural Factors and Mapuche Resilience
		The Condemnation of Chile from the Inter-American Court
		Relevance of the Judgment
		Conclusion
		References
Part V: Psychosocial Reparations: Challenges of Victim’s Recognition
	Chapter 14: Testimony and Symbolic Reparation: The Clinica do Testemunho Project in Rio de Janeiro
		Background
		The 1964 Civil-Military Coup and Its Context
		The Dictatorship and Its Effect on Subjectivity
		Reparation
		The Struggles for Human Rights and Democracy
		From Social Movement to State Commitment: The “Clinica do Testemunho” Project in Rio de Janeiro
		Testimonials in the Clinica do Testemunho Project in Rio de Janeiro
		The Implementation of the Project
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 15: The Clinics of Testimony: New Ways of Recognition Through Group Listening to Military Personnel
		Introduction: Description of the Civic-Military Dictatorship and Transitional Justice in Brazil
		Clinics of Testimony
			Testimony as a Clinical-Political Tool
			Testimony Group with Military Personnel
		From the Clinic of Truth to the Clinic of Testimony
			Characteristics of the Group
			Clinical Profiles
		Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 16: Colonia Dignidad: Lights and Shadows in the Recognition of the Victims
		General Context
		Description of the Structure and Operation of Colonia Dignidad
		The Victimizer Pattern: A Psychosocial Approach
		Mental Health Interventions
		The Challenges of Historical Memory of Human Rights Violations
		Conclusions
		References
Part VI: Political and Psychosocial Challenges of Transitions
	Chapter 17: Political Transition and Social Reparation in Venezuela: Challenges of Democratic Reconstruction
		From the Illusion of Change to Social Fracture
		Social Polarization: “Us or Them”?
		Antagonistic Social Representations: The Other Enemy
		The Challenges of the Venezuelan Transition
		Social Reparation Processes
		The Peace Agenda
		Memory-Justice and Truth
			Human Rights Violations
			Truth Commission
			Pacification, Reconciliation, Social Peace, and Democratization in Post-conflict Situation and Democratic Transition
			Training, Research, Social Awareness, Dissemination
		Democratic Reconstruction: The Challenge of Coexistence
		References
	Chapter 18: Psychology and Human Rights in Colombia: Contributions to Peacebuilding
		Introduction
			Armed Conflict in Colombia
			Psychosocial Consequences of Human Rights Violations During the Armed Conflict
			Psychosocial Intervention for the Restoration of Human Rights in the Context of the Colombian Armed Conflict: A Case Study
			A Multidimensional Perspective for the Promotion of Human Rights in Colombia
			Proposal for the Future to Advance in the Guarantee of Human Rights from Psychology in Colombia
		References
	Chapter 19: Working Mental Health in Peru
		Introduction: The Development of Mental Health in Peru Community Mental Health in the Context of Public Health
		Community Mental Health from the Academia and Civil Society Organizations
		Visions and Interventions
			The Internal Armed Conflict
		Mental Health in the CVR Process (2001–2003)
			The Methodology
			Psychosocial Sequelae
		The Reparation Process
		Towards a Mental Health Law
		Towards a Reform in Mental Health Care (Minsa)
		References
Index