Human Resource Management, Ethics and Employment

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 13
Abbreviations......Page 31
1. Introduction......Page 35
2. The Theoretical Position of Cognitive Linguistics......Page 36
3. The Practical Aspects of Cognitive Linguistics......Page 39
4. The Organization of the Handbook......Page 40
5. The Appeal of Cognitive Linguistics......Page 42
6. The Future of Cognitive Linguistics......Page 47
References......Page 50
Part I: Basic Concepts......Page 55
1. Introduction......Page 57
2. The Senses of Embodiment......Page 59
3. Origins of the Embodiment Hypothesis......Page 64
4. Elaborations and Extensions of the Embodiment Hypothesis......Page 65
5. Contemporary Formulations of the Embodiment Hypothesis......Page 69
6. The ‘Levels of Investigation’ Theoretical Framework......Page 72
7. Conclusions......Page 76
References......Page 77
1. Introduction......Page 80
2. The Diversity of Construal Phenomena......Page 82
3. Classifications of Construal Operations......Page 85
4. A General Framework for Characterizing Construal Operations......Page 90
5.1. General Grounding......Page 95
5.2. Specific Grounding......Page 97
6.1. Implicit Multiple Perspectives......Page 98
6.2. Explicit Multiple Perspectives......Page 102
7. Subjectification......Page 105
8. Conclusion......Page 108
Notes......Page 109
References......Page 111
1. Introduction......Page 114
2.2. Langacker’s Characterization......Page 115
2.3. Lakoffian “Image Schemas”......Page 116
2.4. The Ubiquity of Schematicity......Page 117
3. Schematicity and Similarity; Full and Partial Schematicity......Page 118
4.1. Categorization: “Classical” and Prototype-Based Categories......Page 120
4.2. Superordinate Concepts and the Substantive Nature of Schemas......Page 123
4.3. Generalizations: Rules, Patterns, and Constructions......Page 126
4.4. Interpretation of Classes: Coherence and the Gradation between One and Two......Page 129
4.5. Sanction: the Mechanism of Generativity......Page 131
4.6. Analogy under a Schema-Based Model......Page 132
4.7. Figurative Language......Page 134
4.8. Domains......Page 135
4.9. “Elaboration Sites” and Syntactic Coherence......Page 137
4.10. Profile Determinance and the Complement-Modifier Distinction......Page 138
4.11. Schemas and the Component-Composite Relationship......Page 139
4.12. Blends......Page 141
Notes......Page 143
References......Page 147
1. Introduction......Page 149
2.1. Entrenchment......Page 150
2.2. Salience......Page 151
3. The Role of Entrenchment in the Emergence, Sanctioning, and Blocking of Linguistic Units......Page 153
4. Salience and Entrenchment Effects in the Lexicon: Basic Levels of Categorization......Page 154
5. Measuring the Relative Entrenchment and Salience of Categories in Lexical Taxonomies......Page 157
6.1. Figure/Ground Alignment......Page 159
6.2. Relational Configurations Encoded by Prepositions......Page 160
6.3. Figure/Ground Alignment in Simple Clause Patterns......Page 163
6.4. Salience in Reference-Point Constructions......Page 165
Notes......Page 166
References......Page 167
1. Introduction......Page 171
2.1. The Logical Test......Page 173
2.2. The Linguistic Ambiguity Test......Page 174
2.3. The Definitional Test......Page 175
3. Prototype Theory......Page 176
3.1. Prototype Effects......Page 177
3.2. Radial Sets and Polysemy: The Extended Version of Prototype Theory......Page 179
3.3. Additional Features of Prototypicality......Page 181
4.1. Parsimony or Polysemy?......Page 184
4.2. Comparing the Representational Formats......Page 186
5. Further Research......Page 190
Notes......Page 191
References......Page 194
2. Frames......Page 202
3. Idealized Cognitive Models......Page 207
3.1. Propositional ICMs......Page 209
3.2. Image schemas and ICMs......Page 210
3.4. Metonymy and ICMs......Page 211
3.6. ICMs: Closing Points......Page 212
4. Domains......Page 213
5. Concluding Issues......Page 215
References......Page 216
1. Introduction......Page 220
2. Basics of Conceptual Metaphor Theory......Page 222
3. Primary metaphors and “Neural CMT”......Page 224
4. The Cognitive Reality of Conceptual Metaphors......Page 227
5. Conceptual Integration/Blending......Page 230
6. Computational Models of Metaphor......Page 234
7. Metaphor and Culture......Page 235
8.1. Metaphor and Attested Data......Page 237
8.3. Boundaries of Metaphor......Page 238
8.4. Metaphor Genesis......Page 239
Notes......Page 240
References......Page 241
1. Introduction......Page 246
2.1. Schemas, Images, and Image Schemas......Page 247
2.2. Image-Schema Transformations......Page 249
3. Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics......Page 250
3.1. Studies of the Polysemy of Individual Words or Constructions......Page 251
3.2. Studies of the Polysemy of Related Words or Constructions......Page 253
3.3. Studies of Semantic Change and Grammaticalization......Page 254
3.4. Literary and Textual Analysis......Page 255
4.1. Psycholinguistics......Page 256
4.2. Cognitive Development and Language Acquisition......Page 257
4.3. Image-Schematic Dimensions of Computational Modeling......Page 259
5. Conclusion: A Few Issues of General Theoretical Importance......Page 261
References......Page 264
1. Introduction......Page 268
2. The Rhetorical Tradition......Page 269
3. Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics......Page 270
4. Metonymy as a Contingent and Defeasible Relation......Page 272
5.1. The Interaction of Metonymy and Metaphor......Page 275
5.2. The Experiential Grounding of Metonymy and Metaphor......Page 276
6.3. Propositional Metonymy......Page 278
6.5. Cross-Functional Metonymies......Page 279
7.1. Metonymy and Implicature......Page 280
7.2. Metonymy and Explicature......Page 281
7.3. Some Discourse-Pragmatic Functions of Metonymy......Page 282
8. Metonymy and Grammar......Page 283
9. Metonymies across Languages......Page 286
10.2. Metonymy and Grammaticalization......Page 287
12.1. Constraints on Metonymy......Page 288
12.2. Metonymic Systems......Page 289
Notes......Page 290
References......Page 291
1.1. Content of the Study......Page 296
1.2. Context of the Study......Page 298
2.1. Factors Involving Properties of the Morpheme (A)......Page 300
2.2. Factors Involving Morphology and Syntax (B)......Page 306
2.3. Factors Involving Forms That Set Attention Outside Themselves (C)......Page 309
2.5. Factors Involving Properties of the Referent (E)......Page 314
2.6. Factors Involving the Relation between Reference and Its Representation (F)......Page 316
2.7. Factors Involving the Occurrence of Representation (G)......Page 318
2.8. Factors Involving Properties of Temporal Progression (H)......Page 320
3.1. Gradation in Strength of Attention through Factor Combination......Page 321
3.3. Attentional Resultants of Factor Conflict......Page 322
References......Page 323
1. Introduction......Page 326
2.1. The Fundamental Patterns......Page 327
2.2. Complex Patterns......Page 329
2.4. Metaphorical Extensions......Page 330
3. Force Dynamics as a Cognitive System: Talmy and Jackendoff Compared......Page 333
4.1. Sweetser’s (1990) and Johnson’s (1987) Analyses of Modal Meanings......Page 337
4.2. A Selective Comparison......Page 339
4.3. A More Grammatical Conception of the Force-Dynamic Nature of Modals......Page 341
5. Force-Dynamics in Syntax......Page 343
Notes......Page 345
References......Page 347
1. Introduction......Page 350
2.1. What: The Scope of Spatial Semantics......Page 352
2.2. How: Methodologies for Investigating Spatial Semantics......Page 354
3. Basic Spatial Semantic Concepts......Page 358
3.2. Landmark......Page 359
3.3. Frame of Reference and Viewpoint......Page 360
3.5. Path......Page 362
3.6. Direction......Page 364
3.7. Motion......Page 365
4. Linguistic Description and Cross-Linguistic Generalizations......Page 366
5.1. Prelinguistic or Language-based?......Page 368
5.2. Localized or Distributed?......Page 370
5.3. Semantic or Pragmatic?......Page 371
5.4. The Analysis of Spatial Polysemy......Page 372
6. Summary and Guidelines for Future Research......Page 374
References......Page 375
1. What Is a Mental Space?......Page 383
2. Discovering Mental Spaces......Page 385
Romeo and Juliet......Page 387
Achilles and the Tortoise......Page 388
4. Referential Opacity......Page 390
5. Modality: The Case of Signed Languages......Page 395
6. Discourse Organization: Tense and Mood......Page 397
7. Some Grammatical Devices for Cognitive Construction......Page 403
Notes......Page 405
References......Page 406
15. Conceptual Integration......Page 409
References......Page 424
1. Introduction......Page 426
1.1. Iconicity and Linguistics......Page 427
1.3. Three Kinds of Icons: Imagic Icon, Metaphor, Diagram......Page 429
1.4. Diagrammatic Iconicity: Isomorphism and Motivation......Page 430
1.5. Iconicity and Markedness: Semantic Markedness and the Prototypical Speaker......Page 432
1.6. Iconicity and Economy......Page 433
2.1. Iconicity on the Phonic Level......Page 434
2.2. Diagrammatic Iconicity on the Morphological Level......Page 435
2.3. Diagrammatic Iconicity on the Syntactic Level......Page 437
3. General Conclusion......Page 445
Notes......Page 446
References......Page 447
Part II: Models of Grammar......Page 451
1. Background......Page 453
2. Architecture......Page 456
3. Semantics......Page 463
4. Grammar......Page 470
5. Phonology......Page 475
6. Coverage......Page 479
7. Directions......Page 481
Notes......Page 482
References......Page 486
1. Introduction: The Revival of Constructions......Page 495
2. Arguments for Construction Grammar......Page 496
3. Syntactic and Semantic Structure: The Anatomy of a Construction......Page 504
4. The Organization of Constructions in a Construction Grammar......Page 508
5.1. Construction Grammar (Fillmore, Kay, and collaborators)......Page 511
5.2. Lakoff (1987) and Goldberg (1995)......Page 517
5.3. Cognitive Grammar as a Construction Grammar......Page 521
5.4. Radical Construction Grammar......Page 527
6. Construction Grammar and the Usage-Based Model......Page 531
7. Prospects for the Future......Page 535
Notes......Page 536
References......Page 537
1. Language as a Conceptual Network......Page 541
2. Networks as Notation......Page 543
3.1. Conceptual Distance and Activation......Page 544
3.2. Entrenchment......Page 545
3.4. Declarative Knowledge......Page 546
4. “Isa,” Default Inheritance, and Prototypes......Page 547
5. The Best Fit Principle and Processing......Page 549
6. Classified Relations......Page 550
7. Labels and Uniqueness......Page 552
8. “The Lexicon,” “the Grammar,” and Constructions......Page 553
9. Morphology......Page 554
10. Syntax......Page 559
11. Lexical Semantics......Page 561
12. Compositional Semantics......Page 563
13. Sociolinguistics......Page 566
14. Processing......Page 567
15. Learning......Page 568
References......Page 569
Part III: Situating Cognitive Linguistics......Page 573
1. Introduction......Page 575
Cognitive Linguistics......Page 576
Functional Linguistics......Page 578
Functionalism......Page 580
4. Domains of Language Covered......Page 581
5. Methods......Page 584
6. Theoretical Conceptions of Language and Grammar......Page 586
Notes......Page 589
References......Page 592
1. Introduction......Page 598
2. Polemical Aspects of Cognitive Linguistics......Page 599
3. Some History......Page 601
4. Characteristics of Mainstream Generative Linguistics......Page 604
5. The Cognitive Linguistics Reaction......Page 606
5.1. Methodological Consequences......Page 608
5.2. Acquisition......Page 610
6. Autonomy......Page 611
7.1. Constraints and Rules......Page 613
7.2. Idioms......Page 614
7.3. The Core and the Periphery......Page 615
Notes......Page 616
References......Page 617
1. Introduction......Page 621
2. The Short History of Cognitive Linguistics......Page 622
3. Polysemy, Metaphor, and Metonymy......Page 624
3.1. Bréal and Prestructuralist Semantics......Page 625
3.2. Aristotle......Page 626
3.3. Twentieth-Century Metaphor Research......Page 627
4.1. Saussure and Structuralism......Page 629
4.2. Whorf......Page 630
4.3. Bühler......Page 631
4.4. Jakobson......Page 632
5.1. Lamb......Page 633
6. Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive Linguistics......Page 634
References......Page 635
Part IV: Linguistic Structure and Language Use......Page 641
1.1. What a Cognitive Phonology Will Look Like......Page 643
1.3. The Phoneme’s Checkered Career......Page 644
1.4. Radial Sets and Processes......Page 647
1.5. Neutralization and Overlap......Page 653
2. Inventories and Prototypes......Page 654
3.1. The Basic Model......Page 656
3.2. The Nature of Online Processes in a Usage-Based Model......Page 657
4. Synthesis—Phonology as Human Action......Page 658
Notes......Page 660
References......Page 661
1. Introduction......Page 664
2. What Is Inflectional Morphology?......Page 665
2.1. The Characteristics of Inflectional Morphology......Page 666
2.2. Variations in Expressions of Inflectional Morphology......Page 669
3.1. The Form of Inflectional Morphemes......Page 670
3.2. The Meaning of Inflectional Morphemes......Page 671
3.3. The Markedness of Inflectional Morphemes......Page 673
4.1. Metaphor......Page 674
5. The Nature of Paradigms......Page 675
6. Inflectional Morphology in Diachrony......Page 677
7. Future Directions for Research......Page 679
References......Page 680
1. Introduction......Page 682
2.1. Word-Formation in Cognitive Grammar......Page 684
2.2. Word-Formation and Conceptual Blending......Page 687
2.3. Word-formation and Form-Meaning Iconicity......Page 688
3.1. Prefixation, Contrast, and Diminutives......Page 690
3.2. -er Suffixation......Page 692
3.3. Conversion......Page 696
3.4. Noun-Noun Compounding......Page 698
3.5. Lexical Blends: A Schematic Nonmorphemic View......Page 700
Notes......Page 703
References......Page 705
1. Introduction......Page 708
2.1. From the World to Nouns and Systems of Nominal Classification......Page 709
2.2. Systems of Nominal Classification......Page 710
2.3. Some Central Problems of Nominal Classification......Page 718
3. Nominal Classification, Categorization, and Cognitive Linguistics......Page 722
Notes......Page 724
References......Page 725
1. Introduction......Page 729
2. What Is Idiomatic/Formulaic Language?......Page 730
3. Why Speak Idiomatically?......Page 733
4. Are Idioms Really Fixed Expressions?......Page 736
5. Analyzability of Idioms......Page 738
6. Syntactic Behavior of Idioms......Page 739
7. Lexical Flexibility of Idioms......Page 741
8. Analyzability in Idiom Comprehension and Learning......Page 743
9. Idiom Schemas......Page 744
10. The Conceptual Basis for Idiomaticity......Page 749
References......Page 753
1. Introduction......Page 758
2. The Relational Construction......Page 760
2.1. Variation of Relational Constructions......Page 761
3. Semantics of Adpositions......Page 765
4. The Grammaticalization of Relational Grams......Page 770
5. Looking Ahead: Themes for the Next Decade......Page 776
References......Page 777
1. Introduction......Page 785
2.1. Syntactic Roles......Page 786
2.2. The Interaction between Verbs and Constructions......Page 788
3.1. Event Types and Semantic Roles......Page 792
3.2. Causal Chains and the Verbal Profile......Page 795
4. Transitivity......Page 796
5. Ergative and Accusative Systems......Page 800
6. Ditransitive Clauses, Indirect Objects, and Datives......Page 804
7. Arguments and Adjuncts......Page 806
8. Conclusion......Page 808
Notes......Page 809
References......Page 810
1. The Complement Relation......Page 814
2.1. General Issues......Page 815
2.2. The Semantic Basis of Conceptual Subordination......Page 817
3.1. English......Page 818
3.2. Japanese......Page 821
3.3. French......Page 823
3.4. Overall Results......Page 826
4.1. Description of Raising......Page 827
4.2. A Cognitive Grammar Solution......Page 828
5. Conclusion......Page 829
Notes......Page 830
References......Page 831
1. Introduction......Page 835
2.1. Form......Page 836
2.2 Meaning......Page 838
3.1. Aspect and Tense......Page 844
3.2. Form......Page 845
3.3. Meaning......Page 849
4.2. Interaction Tense/Aspect and Modality......Page 852
4.3. Aspect/Aktionsart......Page 853
Notes......Page 854
References......Page 855
1. Introduction: Basic Voice Notions......Page 861
2. Active-Direct......Page 864
3.1. Putting the Theme in Focus......Page 865
3.2. Oblique Agent......Page 873
4. Antipassives......Page 876
5. Inverse......Page 880
6. Philippine Languages......Page 884
7.1. Middle Voice as a Signal of Change-of-State Affecting the Subject Only......Page 885
7.2. Middle Conceptual Paths......Page 891
8. Conclusions......Page 895
Notes......Page 896
References......Page 897
1. The Notion of Modality and Some of the Questions It Raises......Page 901
2.1. Polysemy versus Monosemy......Page 903
2.2. The Modals as a Force-Dynamic Category......Page 905
2.3 From Root to Epistemic Modality: Metaphor, Metonymy, Minimal Shifts/Partial Sanctioning?......Page 907
2.4. Subjectification and “Grounding Predications”......Page 908
3. Mood in Cognitive Linguistics......Page 912
4. Conclusion and Outlook......Page 914
Notes......Page 915
References......Page 918
1. Introduction......Page 922
2. Nominal Semantics......Page 925
3. Conceptual Reference Points......Page 929
3.1. Factors Determining Reference Point Selection......Page 930
3.2. Prominence......Page 931
4.1. Strong Connectivity: Complements and Process-Internal Modifiers......Page 938
4.2. Weaker Connectivity: Process-External Modifiers......Page 940
5. Point of View Effects......Page 943
References......Page 946
1. Discourse, Text Structure, and Cognitive Linguistics......Page 948
2. Referential Coherence......Page 952
3. Relational Coherence......Page 956
4. Cognitive Linguistics at the Discourse Level......Page 963
5. Looking into the Future: Integration of Different Approaches......Page 964
References......Page 967
Part V: Linguistic Variation and Change......Page 975
1. Introduction......Page 977
2.1. Specifying the Class of Sound Changes......Page 978
2.2. Gestures and the Nature of Sound Change......Page 979
2.3. Assimilation......Page 980
2.4. Other Retiming Changes......Page 981
2.5. Reductive Processes......Page 982
2.7. Strengthenings......Page 983
2.8. Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change......Page 984
2.9. Theoretical Consequences of Lexically and Phonetically Gradual Sound Change......Page 986
2.10. Perceptually Motivated Change......Page 987
2.11. Suprasegmental Changes......Page 988
2.13. Conclusions about Sound Change......Page 989
3.1. Analogical Leveling......Page 990
3.2. The Direction of Analogical Leveling......Page 991
3.3. The Domain of Analogical Leveling......Page 992
3.4. Analogical Extension......Page 994
4.1. Properties of Grammaticalization......Page 996
4.2. General Patterns of Grammaticalization......Page 998
4.3. Paths of Change and Synchronic Patterns......Page 999
4.4. Conceptual Sources for Grammatical Material......Page 1000
4.5. Grammaticalization as Automatization......Page 1001
5.2. Lexical Diffusion of Constructions......Page 1002
5.3. Decategorialization......Page 1003
5.4. Loss of Constituent Structure in Grammaticalization......Page 1004
5.5. Reanalysis......Page 1005
6.2. Metaphor as a Mechanism of Change......Page 1007
6.3. Inference or Pragmatic Strengthening......Page 1008
6.4. Metaphor or Metonymy?......Page 1009
7. Conclusions......Page 1011
Notes......Page 1013
References......Page 1014
1. Introduction......Page 1020
2. The Contribution of Cognitive Linguistics to Diachronic Semasiology......Page 1021
The Development of Radial Sets......Page 1022
Semantic Change from Subsets......Page 1023
Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects......Page 1025
Referential and Nonreferential Types of Meaning......Page 1026
Lexicogenetic and Sociolexicological Mechanisms......Page 1027
4. The Contribution of Cognitive Linguistics to Onomasiology......Page 1029
5. Sociolexicology and Beyond......Page 1032
5.1. A Case Study of Conceptual Onomasiological Variation......Page 1033
5.2. A Case Study in Formal Onomasiological Variation......Page 1034
5.3. Beyond Sociolexicology......Page 1038
References......Page 1039
1. Introduction......Page 1044
2.1. From Humboldt through Whorf......Page 1046
2.3. Folk Classification......Page 1047
2.4. Formulations of Linguistic Relativity......Page 1048
3.1. Intralinguistic Variation......Page 1049
3.2. Selecting a Domain......Page 1050
3.3. Independent Evidence for Language and Cognition......Page 1051
3.4. Subvocalization or What Is Nonlinguistic?......Page 1052
3.5. Finding Behavioral Consequences of Linguistically Determined Cognitive Variation......Page 1053
3.6. Types of Experimental Design......Page 1054
3.7. Controlling Extraneous Variables......Page 1056
4. Work within Cognitive Linguistics......Page 1060
5.1. Color......Page 1061
5.3. Conditional Reasoning......Page 1063
5.4. Number......Page 1064
5.5. Space......Page 1065
5.7. Developmental Studies......Page 1066
5.8. Sign Language versus Spoken Language......Page 1067
6. Future Directions......Page 1068
References......Page 1069
1. Introduction......Page 1077
2. Agency and Emotion......Page 1079
2.1. Agency and Grammatical Voice......Page 1080
2.2. Agency and Emotion Language......Page 1081
3.1. Spatial Orientation......Page 1084
3.2. Cultural Models of Space and Orientation Theory......Page 1091
3.3. Fictive Spaces, Transpositions of Ground, and Post-Whorfian Relativity......Page 1093
3.4. Cultural-Spatial Models......Page 1094
3.5. General Orientation Semantics......Page 1096
4. Summary, Conclusions, and Suggestions for Further Research......Page 1097
Notes......Page 1098
References......Page 1099
1. Introduction......Page 1106
2. What Is Linguistic Typology?......Page 1107
3.1. The Methodological Level: The Use of Typological Data......Page 1112
3.2. The Theoretical Level: The Presence of Explicit Cognitive Concerns......Page 1114
Notes......Page 1118
References......Page 1120
1. Introduction......Page 1124
2. Meaning and Conceptualization in Child Language......Page 1125
2.1. Image Schemas and Word Meanings......Page 1126
2.2. Social Cognition, Perspective-Taking, and Culture......Page 1129
3. Usage and Grammar in Child Language......Page 1130
3.1. Cognitive and Functional Bases......Page 1131
3.2. Constructional Schemas......Page 1132
3.3. Usage-Based Syntax......Page 1135
4. Conclusion......Page 1139
References......Page 1140
1. Deafness as a Cultural Identity......Page 1145
3.1. Phonology......Page 1146
3.2. Morphology......Page 1147
3.4. Fingerspelling......Page 1148
4.1. Iconicity......Page 1149
4.2. Cognitive Iconicity......Page 1151
4.3. Metaphor......Page 1154
4.5. Summary......Page 1156
5.1. Definitions......Page 1157
5.2. Types of Gesture......Page 1158
6. Gesture and Grammaticization in Signed Languages......Page 1160
7. Future Directions......Page 1162
References......Page 1163
Part VI: Applied and Interdisciplinary Perspectives......Page 1169
1. Introduction: Definition and Outline......Page 1171
2. Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition......Page 1172
3. Overview of Applied Cognitive Linguistics Oriented Studies......Page 1174
4.1. Learning through Insight in Motivation: Iconicity and Language Awareness......Page 1177
4.2. Context- and Usage-Based Language Learning......Page 1178
4.3. The Learner as Conceptualizer: Construal and Linguistic Choices......Page 1179
4.4. Frequent Uses (Prototypes) and General Meaning (Schematicity) in Language Learning......Page 1180
4.5. Cross-Cultural Learning: Different Conceptualizations......Page 1183
5. Cognitive Linguistics Inspired Language Instruction: Phrasal Verbs......Page 1185
6. Outlook on Future Research: Programs......Page 1187
Notes......Page 1188
References......Page 1189
2. Vindications of Current Practices......Page 1192
2.1. Prototypicality Effects in Lexical Structure......Page 1194
2.2. The Intractability of Polysemy......Page 1197
2.3. The Structured Nature of Polysemy......Page 1198
3. Extensions of Current Practices......Page 1200
4. Further Prospects......Page 1204
References......Page 1205
1. Introduction......Page 1207
2. Prototypicality and the Notion of Literature......Page 1209
3. Conceptual Structure in Human Cognition and Narrative......Page 1211
3.1. Perspective and Construal......Page 1213
4. Metaphor and Blending in Literary Texts......Page 1214
4.1. The Structure of Extended Metaphor and Its Literary Effects......Page 1215
4.2. Creative and Conventional Metaphors......Page 1216
4.3. Blending as a Metaphorical Structure......Page 1217
5.2. Iconicity of Form and Meaning......Page 1219
5.3. Neurological Constraints and Affordances......Page 1220
6.1. Multimedia Art Forms......Page 1221
6.3. Humor......Page 1222
6.5. Literary Translation......Page 1223
7. The Poetic Challenge......Page 1224
8. Conclusion......Page 1225
Notes......Page 1226
References......Page 1227
1. Introduction: The Relation between Thought, Language, and Culture......Page 1235
2.1. Cultural Models and Their Mental Locus......Page 1236
2.2. Americans’ Cultural Model of Marriage......Page 1237
2.3. Ifaluk Emotion Theory: Action Schema for Fago ‘Love’......Page 1239
3.1. The Universal Bodily Basis of Language and Thought......Page 1240
3.2. Born as Universal Hearers, Socialized as Culture-Specific Sound Perceivers......Page 1241
3.3. Universal and Culture-Specific Aspects in Models of anger in English and Chinese......Page 1243
4.1. Corporeal and Environmental Deixis Models......Page 1244
5. Cultural Variation: Different Cultural Models in One Language......Page 1245
6. Conclusion......Page 1248
References......Page 1250
1. Introduction: Ideology, A Vast Research Field Outside Cognitive Linguistics......Page 1254
2. Traditional Cognitive Linguistic Metaphor Research on Ideology: The Case of Economic Discourse......Page 1256
3. New Paths in Cognitive Linguistic Research on Overt Ideology: Political Rhetoric......Page 1258
4. The Covert Ideology of Alienation and Sexism in Grammar......Page 1261
5. Ideology at the Level of Scientific Discourse......Page 1264
References......Page 1268
1. Introduction......Page 1273
2. Linguistics and the Philosophy of Science in the Twentieth Century......Page 1275
3. Cognitive Linguistics and the Rebellion against Methodological Imperialism......Page 1279
4. Conceptual Structures and the Philosophy of Mind: Internalist and Externalist Perspectives......Page 1281
5. The Challenge from Cognitive Linguistics to Philosophy......Page 1285
6. The Hermeneutic Perspective: The Cognitive Unconscious versus the Content of Understanding......Page 1287
7. Validity: Grounding, Abstraction, and Deconstruction......Page 1290
8. Conclusion......Page 1294
References......Page 1295
1.1. Cognitive Science and Its Forebears......Page 1298
1.2. The Psychology of Higher Mental Processes......Page 1300
2.1. “Rule” versus “Schema”......Page 1302
2.3. Affect, Consciousness, and Metacognition......Page 1304
2.4. Schema, Self, and Autobiographic Memory......Page 1306
2.5. Meaning, Embodiment, and Society......Page 1307
2.6. Dynamism and Development......Page 1308
2.7. Linguistic Schemas and Metaphor......Page 1309
2.8. Gestalt, Figure/Ground, Prototype......Page 1310
2.9. Representation and Symbolization......Page 1312
3.1. Back to the Body and Brain......Page 1316
3.3. The Developmental Perspective......Page 1317
3.4. Socially Situating the Self......Page 1318
4. Implications for Cognitive Linguistics......Page 1319
Notes......Page 1320
References......Page 1322
A......Page 1327
B......Page 1328
C......Page 1330
D......Page 1335
E......Page 1337
F......Page 1338
G......Page 1340
H......Page 1342
I......Page 1343
K......Page 1345
L......Page 1346
M......Page 1348
N......Page 1351
P......Page 1352
R......Page 1355
S......Page 1356
T......Page 1361
U......Page 1363
V......Page 1364
W......Page 1365
Z......Page 1366