Human life before birth

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Part I: An overview of human development
	1. Before you begin
		Anatomic descriptions
		Anatomic landmarks
		Symmetry
		Planes and sections
		The developmental timeline
		Comparative embryology
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	2. Cells
		General background
		Anatomy of the cell
		Nucleus
		Cytoplasm
		Plasma membrane
		Cytoplasmic organelles
			Mitochondria
			Golgi bodies
			Lysosomes
				Cell death
				Fertilization
				Abnormal roles
			Centrioles
			A little biochemistry
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	3. Cell division
		Role and types of cell division
		Mitosis
			The cell cycle
			Chromosomes
				Genes
			Spindle
		Meiosis
			Reduction of the number of chromosomes
			Random segregation of chromosomes
			Crossing over
			Significance of meiosis
				Epigenesis—histone proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid methylation
				Stem cells
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	4. Genetics
		Genetics and Mendel
		Genetics beyond Mendel
		Cytogenetics
		Genes
			Deoxyribonucleic acid
			Deoxyribonucleic acid replication
			Transcription
			Translation
		The expression of genetic material
		Genes and development
			Epigenesis and epigenetics
			Gene editing
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	5. Reproduction
		Male reproductive system
			External genitalia
			Gonads
			Reproductive ducts
				Epididymis
				Vas deferens and urethra
			Accessory sex glands
			Semen
			Mucus secretions
		Female reproductive system
			External genitalia
			Gonads
			Reproductive ducts
				Fallopian tubes
				Uterus
				Cervix
			Accessory sex glands
				A little more cell biology
				Cell communication
				Intracellular signal transduction
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	6. Gametogenesis
		Spermatogenesis (also, see .Chapter 21)
			Spermatogonia to spermatids
			Spermiogenesis
			Stem cells
		Sperm
			Structure
			Development
			Functions
		Oogenesis (also, see .Chapter 21)
			Oogonia to ootids
			Follicles
		Egg
			Characteristics
			Prophase I
			Egg coats
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	7. Fertilization
		Barriers to fertilization
		Consequences of sperm penetration
		Significance of fertilization
		Sex determination
		Sex-linked inheritance
		Types of inheritance
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	8. The embryonic period
		Cleavage (cell proliferation)
			The human egg
			Comparative embryology
			Patterns of cleavage
				Holoblastic and equal cleavage
				Meroblastic cleavage
			Blastomeres
			Compaction
		Blastocyst (initiation of cell differentiation)
		Two-layered embryonic disc
		Gastrulation and the three-layered embryonic disc
		Neurulation
			Neural tube
			Neural crest
		Embryonic induction
		The changing mesoderm
			Somitic, intermediate, and lateral mesoderm
			Cardiogenic mesoderm
		From layers to tubes: The fourth week
		Becoming a recognizable human: Weeks 5–8
			Cell movements
			Artificial embryos
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	9. The fetal period
		Developmental changes
		Sex determination
		Growth
		Subdivisions of the fetal period
			Early fetal stage or “the fetus goes to sleep” (9–18 weeks)
			Middle fetal stage or “an awkward stage” (19–28 weeks)
			Late fetal stage or “the swan emerges” (29 weeks to birth)
				Organoids
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	10. The placenta and the umbilical cord
		Implantation
		Placenta
			Decidua and chorion
			Genomic imprinting
			Placental function
			Placental problems
		The umbilical cord
			Structure
			Umbilical circulation
			Childbirth
			Umbilical cord blood
				Why save umbilical cord blood?
				Diseases treated
				Collecting umbilical cord blood
		Study questions
			Placenta
			Umbilical cord
		Critical thinking
	11. The pregnant woman, childbirth, and multiple pregnancies
		The pregnant woman
			Gastrointestinal effects
			Appearance
			Other changes
		Labor and childbirth
			Stage 1: dilatation
			Stage 2: expulsion
			Stage 3: placental stage
		Multiple pregnancies
			Monozygotic twins
			Dizygotic twins
			Triplets
			Multiple births
				Superfecundation
		Study questions
			The pregnant woman
			Childbirth
			Multiple pregnancies
		Critical thinking
Part II: Some details of human development
	12. The skin
		Epidermis
		Dermis
		Hair
		Glands
		Nails
		Pigmentation
			Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	13. The nervous system
		Central nervous system
			Spinal cord
			Brain
			Vesicles and ventricles
			Cranial ganglia
			Peripheral nervous system
			Paradigm lost
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	14. The skeleton and muscles
		The skeleton
			Origin of bones
			The axial skeleton
			The appendicular skeleton
		Muscles
			Mesoderm
			Muscle types and proteins
			Skeletal muscle
			Cardiac muscle
			Smooth muscle
			A dynamic tissue
			Stem cells in muscle
		Study questions
			Skeleton
			Muscles
		Critical thinking
	15. The circulatory system and hormones
		Heart
			Splanchnic mesoderm
			Regions of the tubular heart
			The four chambers
				Division into ventricles
				Foramen ovale
				Valve development
		Blood vessels
			Circulatory arcs
		Blood
		Hormones
			Endocrine glands
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	16. The digestive system and the respiratory system
		Digestive system
			Origin of our digestive system
			Major parts of the digestive system
				Foregut
				Midgut
				Hindgut
			Digestion before birth
		Respiratory system
			Origin of the respiratory system
			The first breath
		Study questions
			Digestive system
			Respiratory system
		Critical thinking
	17. Mouth and throat, face, and the five senses
		Mouth and throat
			Pharynx
				Thyroid gland
				Branchial arches
		The face
			The human face and its origin
			Nose
				External developments
				Internal developments
			Development of the eyes and ears
			Jaws, lips, and teeth
			Palates
			Forehead and chin
		The five senses
			Sight
				Embryonic induction
				Retina and optic nerve
				Lens and cornea
			Hearing
				Outer ear
				Middle ear
				Inner ear
			Smell
			Taste
				Development of the tongue
				Taste buds
			Our sense of touch
		Study questions
			Mouth and throat
			The face
			Five senses
		Critical thinking
	18. The urinary and reproductive systems and the external genitalia
		Urinary system
			Kidneys
			Blood and urine
		Reproductive system
			Gonads
			Ducts
			Auxiliary sex glands
				Males
				Females
		External genitalia
			Development of the male
			Development of the female
		Study questions
			Urinary and reproductive systems
			External genitalia
		Critical thinking
Part III: Society and human development
	19. Birth defects
		The causes of birth defects
		Chromosomal abnormalities
			Sex chromosomes
			Autosomes
			Chromosome number
			Chromosome structure
		Nonchromosomal birth defects
		Timing of birth defects
		Detection of birth defects
			Ultrasonography
			Fetoscopy
			Amniocentesis
			Chorionic villus sampling
			Fetal cells from maternal blood
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	20. Birth control
		Abstinence
		Fertility awareness methods
			Rhythm method
			Basal body temperature
			Cervical mucus method
		Preventing fertilization (contraception)
			Methods requiring the initiative of the man
				Barrier methods
				Withdrawal method
				Chemical methods
			Methods requiring the initiative of the woman
				Barrier methods
				Chemical methods
		Preventing implantation (contragestion)
			Chemical contragestion
				Physical contragestion
		Pregnancy termination (abortion)
			Abortion methods
				Partial-birth abortion
				Timing and number of abortions
		Comparing methods
		Study questions
			Birth control
		Critical thinking
	21. Reproductive technology
		Infertility’s role in reproductive technology
		Specific reproductive technologies
			In vitro fertilization
			Variations of In Vitro Fertilization
			Gamete intrafallopian transfer and zygote intrafallopian transfer
			Pregnancy after menopause
			Balloon catheterization
			Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
			Nonsurgical sperm aspiration
			Preimplantation embryo diagnosis
		Cloning
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	22. Sexually transmitted diseases
		Importance of treatment and prevention
		Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
			Cause
			Biology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
				Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the immune system
			Symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
		Syphilis
			Stages
		Gonorrhea
		Genital herpes
		Chlamydia
		Sexually transmitted diseases and women
			Pelvic inflammatory disease
			Ectopic pregnancy
		Sexually transmitted diseases and the conceptus
			Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
			Congenital syphilis
				Early symptoms
				Late symptoms
		Importance of treating pregnant women
			Women with congenital herpes
			Women with gonorrhea
			Chlamydia
			Preventing sexually transmitted diseases
			Condom use
			Prevention of herpes
			Prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
	23. Cultural aspects of development
		Terms related to pregnancy
		Terms related to birth
		Types of twins
		Terms in the news
		Study questions
		Critical thinking
Answers to study questions
Appendix A: Examples of birth defects by terminology
Appendix B: Examples of birth defects by organ or system
Glossary
References
Websites: In chapter order
Index