Human Growth and Nutrition in Latin American and Caribbean Countries

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Nutritional and Epidemiological Aspects of Child Growth in Latin American and Caribbean Countries
	Chapter 1: Anthropological Perspectives on Child Growth and Nutrition in Latin America
		1.1 The Anthropological Perspective
		1.2 Evolution/History of Humans in the Americas
		1.3 Human Life History Biology
			1.3.1 Overview of Human Postnatal Life History Stages
		1.4 Nutrients and Food
			1.4.1 People Eat Food, Not Nutrients
		1.5 Patterns of Growth and Development for Guatemalans at Different Life History Stages
			1.5.1 An Experimental Study of Nutrition and Growth
		1.6 Infection and Psychosocial Stress in Guatemala
			1.6.1 It Is All About Stress
			1.6.2 How Stress Gets into the Skeleton and Delays Growth
			1.6.3 Material and Emotional Security Are Old Problems and Continue Today
		1.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: The Complex Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
		2.1 Historical Background and Development of the Food Security Concept
		2.2 More Integrative Approaches in the Twenty-First Century
		2.3 Beyond the Definition of Food Security
		2.4 Determinants and Consequences of Food Insecurity
		2.5 Methodologies for the Assessment of Food Insecurity and Undernutrition
		2.6 The Magnitude of Food Insecurity and Undernutrition
			2.6.1 Undernourishment
			2.6.2 Malnutrition
			2.6.3 Healthy Diets and Micronutrient Deficiencies
			2.6.4 Food Insecurity Experiences
		2.7 The Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Health
		2.8 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 3: Globalization, Diet and Child Health in Three Latin American Indigenous Populations
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Case Studies from Bolivia, Venezuela, and Mexico
			3.2.1 Case Study 1: Tsimane of Bolivia
			3.2.2 Case Study 2: The Venezuelan Pumé
			3.2.3 Case Study 3: The Yucatec Maya
		3.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Tuberculosis in Children: A Perspective from Life History Theory
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Immune System in Infancy, Childhood, and Juvenile Stages
			4.2.1 Fetal
			4.2.2 Infancy
			4.2.3 Childhood
			4.2.4 Juvenile
		4.3 LHT Hypotheses Between Growth, Nutrition and Tuberculosis
			4.3.1 Energy and Life History Traits (Growth, Maintenance) Are Not Stable Over Time, Particularly During Early Periods of Human Development
			4.3.2 Variation in Infection Risk over Space and Time
			4.3.3 Host Susceptibility
			4.3.4 M. tuberculosis Diversity
			4.3.5 Diverse Clinical Variation of TB in Children Is Determined by Age and Sex
			4.3.6 Nutritional Status
			4.3.7 Co-infections
			4.3.8 Vaccination Status and Efficacy of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine
		4.4 Growth, Undernutrition, and Tuberculosis in Latin American Countries
		4.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: Non-nutritional Components in the Diet
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Pesticides, Health, Growth and Maturation
		5.3 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Methods of Human Growth and Development
	Chapter 6: Reference Curves of Growth from Colombian National Surveys and Anthropometric Secular Trends
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Methods
		6.3 Results
		6.4 Discussion
		6.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Anthropometric Indices to Evaluate Nutritional Status and Health Risk of Schoolchildren and Adolescents
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Health Status of Schoolchildren in Latin American Countries
		7.3 Biological Perspectives of Maturation Associated with Health Risks in Schoolchildren
			7.3.1 Physical Maturation, Hormonal Changes, and Adiposity
			7.3.2 Metabolic Syndrome
			7.3.3 Cardiovascular Risk
		7.4 Associations of Height, Weight, Lengths, and Circumferences with Nutritional Status
			7.4.1 Anthropometric Measurements and Indices Used to Evaluate Growth
			7.4.2 Anthropometric Measurements Used to Assess Body Composition
			7.4.3 Body Mass Index (BMI)
			7.4.4 Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR)
			7.4.5 Waist Circumference
			7.4.6 Neck Circumference
			7.4.7 Mid-Upper Arm Circumference and Arm Circumference to height Ratio
		7.5 Associations and Statistical Limitations for Anthropometric Data
		7.6 Prospects for the Use of New Indicators
		References
	Chapter 8: The Extent of Residual Lower-Extremity Shortening in the Origins of Endemic Stunting Among Guatemalan Preschoolers: A Photographic Examination
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Participants and Methods
		8.3 Results
		8.4 Discussion
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Evaluation of Maturation Among Adolescent Athletes
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Maturation
		9.3 Skeletal Maturity
		9.4 Sexual Maturity
		9.5 Somatic Maturation
		9.6 Maturity Status in Young Athletes
		9.7 Talent Identification of Young Athletes
		9.8 Bio-banding
		9.9 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Biocultural Impacts on Child Growth and Nutrition in Latin American and Caribbean Countries
	Chapter 10: Secular Trend in Growth and Nutritional Status in Argentina Over the Last Three Decades
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Data Sources
		10.3 Changes in Height
		10.4 Trends in Nutritional Status
		10.5 Some Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 11: Changes on Nutritional Status and Urbanization in a Northeastern Patagonian City. A Brief Secular Trend Story of the School Children from Puerto Madryn in Chubut, Argentina
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 A Brief Story of the Human Growth Studies in Puerto Madryn
		11.3 Subjects and Methods
		11.4 Results
		11.5 Discussion
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Inequalities in Malnutrition and Living Conditions of Children from Native and Migrant Families Residing in the Productive Belt of La Plata City in Buenos Aires, Argentina
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 The Productive Belt of La Plata City as a Study Area
		12.3 Population and Sample
			12.3.1 Anthropometric Measurements
			12.3.2 Household Socio-economic and Environmental Study
			12.3.3 Statistical Analysis
			12.3.4 Ethical Considerations
		12.4 Results
			12.4.1 Comparative Study Between Native and Immigrant Families
		12.5 Discussion
		12.6 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 13: Growth and Nutrition Indicators in Brazil: Some Perspectives and Changes from 1975 to 2019
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Methods
			13.2.1 Nutrition Indicators
		13.3 Results
			13.3.1 The Current Anthropometric Picture of Brazil: General Trends
			13.3.2 The Quilombolas and the Impact of Recent Socioecological Changes in Growth and Health of Rural Amazonian Populations
		13.4 Discussion
		13.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Obesity in Chilean Schoolchildren and the Importance of the Diagnostic Criteria: Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, and Biotype
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Obesity by Body Mass Index in Chile
		14.3 Socioeconomic Status and Obesity in Chile
		14.4 Body Composition in Chilean Children and Adolescents
		14.5 Somatotype in Chilean Adolescents and Children: Increase in the Endomorphic Component
		14.6 Final Commentaries and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Growth, Body Composition, and Some Influential Factors in Infants, Children, and Adolescents from Cuba
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Nutrition, Growth, and Body Composition Characteristics of Infants
			15.2.1 Breast Milk Intake and Nutritional Status in 3-Month-Old Infants
			15.2.2 Feeding, Growth, and Body Composition in Children from 6 to 23 Months
		15.3 Beliefs and Perceptions About the Feeding of School-Age Children with Overweight and Obesity
		15.4 What the Children Described
		15.5 What Parents Think
			15.5.1 Weight Conformity
			15.5.2 Causes of Fatness
			15.5.3 Food Consumption
		15.6 Food Consumption Surveys
			15.6.1 Consumption Evaluation
			15.6.2 Frequency of Consumption
			15.6.3 Food Consumption Practices
		15.7 Physical Activity and Nutritional Status in Adolescents
		15.8 Recent Data on Nutritional Status in Childhood and Adolescence
		15.9 Final Comments
		References
	Chapter 16: Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index in Salvadoran Schoolchildren from the Bajo Lempa Rural Region
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Materials and Methods
			16.2.1 Population and Scope of the Study
			16.2.2 Sample Composition and Anthropometry
			16.2.3 Data Analysis
		16.3 Results
		16.4 Discussion
		16.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 17: Measuring the Impact of Stunting on Child Growth Considering Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism
		17.1 Infant and Child Malnutrition in Guatemala
		17.2 Challenges When Analyzing Data on Child Malnutrition
		17.3 Study Design
		17.4 Results and Discussion
			17.4.1 Nutritional Status Evaluated in Measurement Sessions
			17.4.2 Effect of Stunting on Growth
		17.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 18: Consequences of Increased Dependence on Store Foods on Seasonal Macronutrient Intake and Gut Microbiota in Maya Mothers and Their 12- to 36-Month-Old Children
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Background
		18.3 Regional Transformation
		18.4 Materials and Methods
		18.5 Results
			18.5.1 Microbiota Analysis
		18.6 Discussion
		References
	Chapter 19: Parasitic Infection, Obesity, and Micronutrient Deficiencies in School-Aged Children in Mexico
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Epidemiology of PI, Micronutrient Deficiencies and Obesity
		19.3 Parasitic Infections, Obesity and Food Intake
		19.4 Parasitic Infections and Micronutrients
		19.5 Parasitic Infections and Micronutrients, Obesity
		19.6 Policy and Public Health Implications
		19.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 20: Biological and Ecological Impacts on Recovery from Anemia Among Peri-Urban Peruvian Children
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Anemia in Peru
		20.3 Study Overview
		20.4 Developmental Microniche of Child Anemia
		20.5 Statistical Methods to Test Predictors of Treatment Response
		20.6 Predictors of Response to Iron Supplementation
		20.7 Reflections on Developmental Microniche and Anemia
		20.8 Immune Activation and Anemia Status
			20.8.1 Evolutionary Medicine
			20.8.2 The Optimal Iron Hypothesis
		20.9 Dual Burden of Malnutrition
		20.10 Statistical Methods to Test Adiposity as a Moderator
		20.11 Adiposity as a Moderator for Response to Iron Supplementation
		20.12 Reflections on Adiposity and Efficacy of Treatment
		20.13 Conclusion
		References
Index