Human Growth and Development

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
The Lectures And Lecturers......Page 16
Using This Book......Page 20
References......Page 21
Historical Background......Page 24
The Distance Curve Of Growth......Page 27
The Velocity Growth Curve And Growth Spurts......Page 29
Other Patterns Of Growth......Page 31
Growth Versus Maturity......Page 32
The Control Of Growth......Page 35
Growth Reference Charts......Page 36
Canalization......Page 38
Catch-up Growth......Page 40
Conclusion......Page 41
References......Page 43
Growth In Infancy And Childhood: A Pediatric Approach......Page 44
The Growth Curve......Page 45
A Model For Growth In Height......Page 47
Changes In Body Fat......Page 48
Parental Size And Size At Birth......Page 50
Mid-childhood Or Juvenile Growth Spurt......Page 52
The Relevance Of Physical Growth To Pediatrics......Page 53
Measurements Of Clinical Importance......Page 54
Defining The Auxological Diagnosis......Page 56
Some Considerations Of Pediatric Value......Page 60
Causes Of Short Stature......Page 61
References......Page 65
Adolescent Growth Cycle......Page 68
Growth Modeling And Biological Parameters......Page 71
Tempo Of Growth......Page 76
Individual Versus Average Growth......Page 78
Sex Differences In Growth......Page 82
References......Page 84
Introduction......Page 88
HPG Axis......Page 89
Maturation Of The HPG Axis......Page 92
Causes And Correlates Of HPG Axis Maturation......Page 93
Adrenarche......Page 94
Insulin Sensitivity......Page 96
Leptin......Page 97
Skeletal Maturation......Page 99
End Of Puberty......Page 100
Conclusion......Page 101
References......Page 102
Introduction......Page 108
Gh Secretion—cellular And Molecular......Page 109
Physiology Of Gh Secretion......Page 111
Gh Receptor And Target Organ Signaling......Page 114
Gh And Igf-1 Axis And Its Association With Fetal Growth......Page 115
Endocrinology Of Prepubertal Growth......Page 117
Endocrinology Of Puberty......Page 121
Gh Secretory Patterns In Adulthood......Page 123
Suggested Reading......Page 124
Introduction......Page 126
Statistical Genetic Terms And Concepts......Page 127
Heritability......Page 128
Genetic And Environmental Correlations......Page 129
Applications Of Genetic And Environmental Correlations To Longitudinal Data......Page 130
Genotype-by-environment Interaction......Page 131
Genotype-by-age Interaction......Page 133
Association Studies......Page 134
Quantitative Trait Linkage Analysis......Page 135
Nuclear Families......Page 136
Studies Of The Genetics Of Growth And Development......Page 137
Family Studies Of Growth And Development......Page 138
Fels Longitudinal Study......Page 149
Jiri Growth Study......Page 153
Conclusion......Page 154
Glossary......Page 156
Internet Resources......Page 157
References......Page 158
Introduction......Page 162
Measurement Of Food And Nutrient And Energy Intake......Page 163
Dietary Requirements And Recommended Intake......Page 164
Dietary Goals And Guidelines......Page 168
Assessment Of Nutritional Status......Page 169
Normal Nutrition......Page 171
Malnutrition......Page 173
Protein-energy Malnutrition......Page 175
Catch-up Growth......Page 176
Supplementation Studies......Page 177
Overnutrition......Page 179
Transitions In Nutrition And Growth......Page 180
Nutrition Textbooks For Nonnutritionists......Page 181
Nutrition And Growth In Bioanthropology, Growth, And Human Biology Texts......Page 182
Research Reports And Reviews, Including Individual Chapters......Page 183
References......Page 186
Introduction......Page 188
Research Design Issues......Page 189
Temperature And Climate......Page 190
Season......Page 192
High Altitude Hypoxia......Page 194
Pollutants......Page 199
Cigarette Smoking......Page 200
Air Pollution......Page 203
Organic Compounds: Polychlorinated Biphenyls And Ddt/dde......Page 204
Lead......Page 206
Radiation......Page 208
Noise......Page 209
Conclusion......Page 212
References......Page 213
Introduction......Page 220
Environment Of The Growing Child......Page 221
Modes Of Environmental Effects On Growth......Page 223
The Timing Of Environmental Effects......Page 225
Methodological Issues......Page 228
References......Page 232
Introduction......Page 236
Hormonal Phenotype......Page 237
Explanation: Distinguishing Between Hereditary And Acquired Disease......Page 246
Hormonal Phenotype: Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency......Page 248
Explanation: Homozygosity For Mutation In The Prop1 Gene......Page 250
Deficiency Of Growth Hormone And Other Anterior Pituitary Hormones......Page 252
Isolated Deficiency Of Growth Hormone......Page 254
End Organ Resistance To The Action Of Growth Hormone......Page 256
References......Page 257
Introduction......Page 260
Down Syndrome......Page 261
Turner Syndrome......Page 263
Achondroplasia And Hypochondroplasia......Page 264
Diastrophic Dysplasia......Page 268
Genomic Imprinting......Page 270
Human Imprinting Disorders Affecting Growth......Page 271
Conclusion......Page 272
References......Page 273
Saltation And Stasis: How Children Grow......Page 276
Generation Of The Saltation And Stasis Hypothesis......Page 278
Measurement Protocol......Page 279
Measurement Error Considerations......Page 282
Data Analysis......Page 283
Mathematical Modeling......Page 285
Biology Of Saltatory Growth: Mechanisms And Hypothesis Testing......Page 289
References......Page 292
Chemical Maturation And The Life Cycle......Page 294
Body Composition Models......Page 295
Nutrition, Adaptation, And Functional Outcomes......Page 296
Heredity Versus Environment......Page 297
Anthropometry......Page 298
Densitometric Methods......Page 300
Isotope Dilution Methods......Page 301
Potassium-40......Page 304
Neutron Activation......Page 305
Infancy......Page 307
Adolescence......Page 308
Adulthood And Senescence......Page 309
Body Composition And Diet......Page 311
Health Consequences Of Obesity......Page 312
Physical Activity And Body Composition......Page 313
References......Page 314
Growth And Evolution......Page 318
Life History And Stages Of The Life Cycle......Page 319
Human Life Stages......Page 321
Infancy......Page 322
Childhood......Page 324
Adolescence......Page 326
Why Childhood?......Page 328
Why Adolescence?......Page 330
Why Do Boys Have Adolescence?......Page 332
When Did Childhood And Adolescence Evolve?......Page 333
The Valuable Grandmother, Or Could Menopause Evolve?......Page 340
References......Page 341
Introduction......Page 344
Physical Activity......Page 345
Comparative......Page 346
Activity And Stature......Page 347
Activity, Body Weight, And Body Composition......Page 350
Activity And Physique......Page 356
Skeletal Tissue......Page 357
Skeletal Muscle......Page 359
Adipose Tissue......Page 360
Sexual Maturation......Page 366
Suggested Reading......Page 368
References......Page 369
Introduction......Page 372
Body Size Assessments......Page 373
Stature......Page 374
Other Body Measurements......Page 375
Triceps And Subscapular Skinfolds......Page 376
Knee Height......Page 377
Assessment Of Body Composition......Page 378
Bioelectric Impedance......Page 379
Regression Analysis......Page 380
Limitations And Sources Of Error......Page 381
References......Page 383
Introduction......Page 386
Initial Considerations......Page 387
Concept Of Time......Page 389
Maturity Indicators......Page 390
Maturational Variation......Page 392
Sexual Dimorphism......Page 393
Methods Of Assessment......Page 394
Secondary Sexual Development......Page 395
Self-assessment Of Pubertal Status......Page 399
Dental Development......Page 400
Age At Menarche......Page 401
Landmarks On The Growth Curve......Page 402
References......Page 403
Growth And Size......Page 406
Chart Form......Page 407
Assessment......Page 408
Clinical Or Public Health Tool......Page 409
Reference Or Standard......Page 410
Design: Cross Sectional, Longitudinal, Mixed Longitudinal?......Page 412
Weighting By Age Or Extending Age Range......Page 413
Select Measurements......Page 414
Equipment And Technique......Page 415
Diagnostic Plots: Marginal And Conditional......Page 416
Age Grouped Or Continuous......Page 417
Distributional Assumptions......Page 418
Form Of Smoothing......Page 420
Puberty......Page 421
Repeated Measures......Page 422
Interpreting The Curves......Page 423
Unconditional Velocity......Page 428
Conditional Velocity......Page 429
Printing The Chart......Page 431
References......Page 433
Annotated References......Page 438
Index......Page 442