Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture

Copyright......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
About the Authors......Page 14
Brief Contents......Page 19
Contents......Page 21
Field Note: Awakening to World Hunger......Page 27
Key Question: WHAT IS HUMAN GEOGRAPHY?......Page 34
Maps in the Time of Cholera Pandemics......Page 35
The Spatial Perspective......Page 37
Field Note: Glacier National Park, United States......Page 40
Key Question: WHY DO GEOGRAPHERS USE MAPS AND WHAT DO MAPS TELL US?......Page 41
Remote Sensing and GIS......Page 43
Guest Field Note: Maui, Hawaii by Korine N. Kolivras......Page 48
Regions......Page 49
Culture......Page 54
Connectedness through Diffusion......Page 55
Rejection of Environmental Determinism......Page 58
Today’s Human Geography......Page 59
Field Note: Basic Infrastructure......Page 62
Key Question: WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY?......Page 64
Physiologic Population Density......Page 65
Population Distribution......Page 66
World Population Distribution and Density......Page 67
Reliability of Population Data......Page 69
Key Question: WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN PARTICULAR PLACES?......Page 71
Population Growth at World, Regional, National, and Local Scales......Page 74
Field Note: Bordeaux, France......Page 78
The Demographic Transition......Page 81
Future Population Growth......Page 85
Key Question: WHY DOES POPULATION COMPOSITION MATTER?......Page 86
Infant Mortality......Page 88
Life Expectancy......Page 91
Influence on Health and Well-Being......Page 92
Infectious Diseases......Page 93
Chronic and Genetic Diseases......Page 95
AIDS......Page 96
Key Question: HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?......Page 98
Guest Field Note: Marich Village, Kenya by Elsbeth Robson......Page 99
Limitations......Page 101
Contradictions......Page 102
Field Note: Risking Lives for Remittances......Page 104
Cyclic Movement......Page 108
Migration......Page 109
Key Question: WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?......Page 111
Forced Migration......Page 112
Push and Pull Factors in Voluntary Migration......Page 114
Types of Push and Pull Factors......Page 115
Environmental Conditions......Page 116
Culture and Traditions......Page 117
Technological Advances......Page 118
Global Migration Flows......Page 119
Regional Migration Flows......Page 121
National Migration Flows......Page 124
Field Note: Jerusalem, Israel......Page 125
Guest Workers......Page 126
Refugees......Page 127
Waves of Immigration in the United States......Page 134
Post-September 11......Page 136
Field Note: Preserving Culture......Page 138
Key Question: WHAT ARE LOCAL AND POPULAR CULTURES?......Page 140
Key Question: HOW ARE LOCAL CULTURES SUSTAINED?......Page 142
Rural Local Cultures......Page 143
Urban Local Cultures......Page 146
Local Cultures and Cultural Appropriation......Page 147
Field Note: Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York......Page 148
Authenticity of Places......Page 149
Key Question: HOW IS POPULAR CULTURE DIFFUSED?......Page 152
Hearths of Popular Culture......Page 154
Replacing Old Hearths with New: Beating Out the Big Three in Popular Sports......Page 158
Stemming the Tide of Popular Culture—Losing the Local?......Page 159
Field Note: Seoul, South Korea......Page 161
How Can Local and Popular Cultures Be Seen in the Cultural Landscape?......Page 162
Cultural Landscapes of Local Culture......Page 166
Guest Field Note: Paragonah, Utah by Richard Francaviglia......Page 168
Field Note: Building Walls......Page 170
Race......Page 172
Racism in the United States......Page 174
Residential Segregation......Page 177
The Scale of New York City......Page 179
Guest Field Note: Washington Heights, New York by Ines Miyares......Page 180
Ethnicity and Place......Page 181
Identity and Space......Page 183
Field Note: New York, NY......Page 184
Just Who Counts......Page 185
Vulnerable Populations......Page 187
Women in Subsaharan Africa......Page 189
Dowry Deaths in India......Page 190
Shifting Power Relationships among Ethnic Groups......Page 191
Field Note: What Should I Say?......Page 198
Language and Culture......Page 202
Dialects......Page 206
Key Question: WHY ARE LANGUAGES DISTRIBUTED THE WAY THEY ARE?......Page 208
Definition and Debate......Page 209
Language Formation......Page 210
The Languages of Europe......Page 215
Languages of Subsaharan Africa......Page 216
Key Question: HOW DO LANGUAGES DIFFUSE?......Page 218
Lingua Franca......Page 219
Official Languages......Page 220
Global Language......Page 221
Field Note: Paro, Bhutan......Page 222
Toponyms and Globalization......Page 223
Changing Toponyms......Page 224
Guest Field Note: Greenville, North Carolina by Derek Alderman......Page 227
Field Note: Dying and Resurrecting......Page 229
Key Question: WHAT IS RELIGION, AND WHAT ROLE DOES IT PLAY IN CULTURE?......Page 231
Field Note: Mombasa, Kenya......Page 232
The World Map of Religions Today......Page 234
From the Hearth of South Asia......Page 235
From the Hearth of the Huang He River Valley......Page 240
From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean......Page 242
Field Note: Prague, Czech Republic......Page 243
Field Note: Uluru, Australia......Page 249
Key Question: HOW IS RELIGION SEEN IN THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?......Page 250
Guest Field Note: Ardmore, Ireland by Mary Lee Nolan......Page 251
Sacred Sites of Jerusalem......Page 252
Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism......Page 253
Field Note: Hyderabad, India......Page 254
Field Note: Yangon, Myanmar......Page 255
Landscapes of Islam......Page 258
Conflicts along Religious Borders......Page 261
Nigeria......Page 263
The Former Yugoslavia......Page 266
Northern Ireland......Page 268
Religions Fundamentalism and Extremism......Page 270
Field Note: Independence Is Better Than Servitude......Page 275
Key Question: HOW IS SPACE POLITICALLY ORGANIZED INTO STATES AND NATIONS?......Page 278
Nations......Page 279
Nation-State......Page 281
Multistate Nations, Multinational States, and Stateless Nations......Page 283
European Colonialism and the Diffusion of the Nation-State Model......Page 284
Construction of the Capitalist World Economy......Page 285
World-Systems and Political Power......Page 289
Form of Government......Page 290
Devolution......Page 291
Guest Field Note: Blackwell, Arkansas by Paul Gray......Page 292
Electoral Geography......Page 295
Field Note: Honolulu, Hawai’i......Page 296
Key Question: HOW ARE BOUNDARIES ESTABLISHED, AND WHY DO BOUNDARY DISPUTES OCCUR?......Page 298
Types of Boundaries......Page 299
Boundary Disputes......Page 300
The German School......Page 301
Influence of Geopoliticians on Politics......Page 302
Geopolitical World Order......Page 303
From League of Nations to United Nations......Page 304
Regional Supranational Organizations......Page 305
The European Union......Page 306
How Does Supranationalism Affect the State?......Page 309
Field Note: Ghosts of Detroit?......Page 314
The Hearths of Urbanization......Page 317
Diffusion of Urbanization......Page 322
Roman Cities......Page 324
Field Note: Rome, Italy......Page 326
Site and Situation during European Exploration......Page 327
A Second Agricultural Revolution......Page 328
The Chaotic Industrial City......Page 329
Key Question: WHERE ARE CITIES LOCATED AND WHY?......Page 330
Rank and Size in the Urban Matrix......Page 331
Central Place Theory......Page 332
Central Places Today......Page 333
Models of the City......Page 334
Modeling the North American City......Page 335
The South American City......Page 337
The African City......Page 338
Field Note: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil......Page 339
Key Question: HOW DO PEOPLE SHAPE CITIES?......Page 340
Shaping Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery......Page 342
Shaping Cities in the Global Core......Page 343
Field Note: Cairo, Egypt......Page 344
Field Note: Fort Worth, Texas......Page 345
Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism......Page 346
Gated Communities......Page 348
Field Note: Celebration, Florida......Page 349
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the European City......Page 351
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery City......Page 352
From Colonial to Global CBD......Page 353
Cities as Spaces of Consumption......Page 355
Field Note: Geography, Trade, and Development......Page 361
Gross National Income......Page 363
Guest Field Note: Sukabumi, West Java by Rachel Silvey......Page 364
Development Models......Page 365
Dependency Theory......Page 368
Geography and Context......Page 369
Barriers to Economic Development......Page 370
Field Note: Buenos Aires, Argentina......Page 376
Costs of Economic Development......Page 380
Key Question: HOW DO POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS INFLUENCE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT WITHIN STATES?......Page 384
Field Note: Ninth Ward, New Orleans......Page 385
Islands of Development......Page 386
Creating Growth in the Periphery of the Periphery......Page 387
Field Note: Port Gentile, Gabon......Page 388
Field Note: Changing Greens......Page 391
Key Question: WHAT IS AGRICULTURE, AND WHERE DID AGRICULTURE BEGIN?......Page 394
The First Agricultural Revolution......Page 395
Domestication of Animals......Page 397
Subsistence Agriculture......Page 399
Field Note: Nairobi, Kenya......Page 400
Key Question: HOW DID AGRICULTURE CHANGE WITH INDUSTRIALIZATION?......Page 401
Understanding the Spatial Layout of Agriculture......Page 402
The Third Agricultural Revolution......Page 403
Regional and Local Change......Page 404
The Impacts of Agricultural Modernization on Earlier Practices......Page 405
Key Question: WHAT IMPRINT DOES AGRICULTURE MAKE ON THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?......Page 407
Villages......Page 409
Functional Differentiation within Villages......Page 411
Key Question: HOW IS AGRICULTURE CURRENTLY ORGANIZED GEOGRAPHICALLY, AND HOW HAS AGRIBUSINESS INFLUENCED THE CONTEMPORARY GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE?......Page 412
The World Map of Climates......Page 413
The World Map of Agriculture......Page 415
Political Influences on Agriculture......Page 420
Socio-cultural Influences on Agriculture......Page 421
Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of Agriculture......Page 422
Environmental Impacts of Commercial Agriculture......Page 423
The Challenge of Feeding Everyone......Page 425
Field Note: Branding the Backboard......Page 429
The Industrial Revolution......Page 431
Diffusion to Mainland Europe......Page 434
Diffusion Beyond Europe......Page 435
Fordist Production......Page 437
Flexible Production and Product Life Cycle......Page 441
The Global Division of Labor......Page 442
Made in America or Designed in America?......Page 443
Major Influences on the Contemporary Geography of Manufacturing......Page 445
New Centers of Industrial Activity......Page 446
Field Note: Beijing, China......Page 450
Field Note: Humen, China......Page 451
Key Question: HOW HAVE DEINDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE RISE OF SERVICE INDUSTRIES ALTERED GLOBAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY?......Page 452
Geographical Dimensions of the Service Economy......Page 453
Guest Field Note: Fayetteville, Arkansas by Fiona M. Davidson......Page 455
High-Techology Clusters......Page 456
Place Vulnerabilities in a Service Economy......Page 457
Field Note: Disaster along Indian Ocean Shores......Page 460
Tectonic Plates......Page 463
Fire and Ice......Page 465
Field Note: Hawai’i......Page 466
The Little Ice Age in the Modern Era......Page 468
Water......Page 469
Field Note: Tucson, Arizona......Page 470
Atmosphere......Page 472
The Land......Page 475
Biodiversity......Page 477
Political Ecology......Page 478
Population......Page 479
Industrial Technology......Page 481
Energy......Page 482
Key Question: WHAT POLICIES ARE BEING ADOPTED IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE?......Page 485
Biological Diversity......Page 486
Global Climate Change......Page 487
Field Note: Happiness Is in the Eye of the Beholder......Page 490
Key Question: HOW HAVE IDENTITIES CHANGED IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD?......Page 492
Personal Connectedness......Page 494
Guest Field Note: Columbine, Colorado by Kenneth E. Foote......Page 495
Key Question: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION, AND WHAT ROLE DO NETWORKS PLAY IN GLOBALIZATION?......Page 496
Time-Space Compression......Page 497
Networks with a Social Focus......Page 500
Networks and Information......Page 501
Networks and Economic Exchange......Page 502
Appendix A: Maps......Page 507
Appendix B: Area and Demographic Data for the World\'s States......Page 516
Appendix C: Glossary......Page 524
Appendix D: References......Page 537
Index......Page 553