Human Geography 13th Edition

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
List of Boxes
Preface
Meet the Authors
ONE: INTRODUCTION: SOME BACKGROUND BASICS
	1.1 Getting Started
		What Is Geography?
		Evolution of the Discipline
		Geography and Human Geography
			Human Geography
	1.2 Core Geographic Concepts
		Geographic Features
		Location, Direction, and Distance
			Location
			Direction
			Distance
		Size and Scale
		Physical and Cultural Attributes
		The Changing Attributes of Place
		Interrelations Between Places
		The Structured Content of Place
			Density
			Dispersion
			Pattern
			Spatial Association
		Place Similarity and Regions
			Types of Regions
	1.3 Maps
		Map Scale
		The Globe Grid
		How Maps Show Data
	1.4 Contemporary Geospatial Technologies
		Remote Sensing
		Geographic Information Systems (GISs)
		Mental Maps
	1.5 Systems, Maps, and Models
	1.6 The Structure of This Book
	Summary
	For Review
	Key Concepts Review
PART ONE: THEMES AND FUNDAMENTALSOF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
	TWO: ROOTS AND MEANING OF CULTURE: INTRODUCTION
		2.1 Components of Culture
		2.2 Interaction of People and Environment
			Environments as Controls
			Human Impacts
		2.3 Roots of Culture
		2.4 Seeds of Change
			Agricultural Origins and Spread
			Neolithic Innovations
		2.5 Culture Hearths
		2.6 The Structure of Culture
		2.7 Culture Change
			Innovation
			Diffusion
			Acculturation and Cultural Modification
		2.8 Contact Between Regions
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
	THREE: SPATIAL INTERACTION AND SPATIAL BEHAVIOR
		3.1 Bases for Interaction
			A Summarizing Model
				Complementarity
				Transferability
				Intervening Opportunity
			Measuring Interaction
				Distance Decay
				The Gravity Concept
				Interaction Potential
				Movement Biases
		3.2 Human Spatial Behavior
		3.3 Individual Activity Space
		3.4 The Tyranny of Time
		3.5 Distance and Human Interaction
			Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information
				Information Flows
			Information and Cognition
				Cognition of Environment
				Perception of Natural Hazards
			Migration
			Principal Migration Patterns
			Motivations to Migrate
			Controls on Migration
			Globalization
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
	FOUR: POPULATION: WORLD PATTERNS, REGIONAL TRENDS
		4.1 Population Growth
		4.2 Some Population Definitions
			Birth Rates
			Fertility Rates
			Death Rates
			Population Pyramids
			Natural Increase and Doubling Times
		4.3 The Demographic Transition Model
			The Western Experience
			A Divided World, A Converging World
		4.4 The Demographic Equation
			Population Relocation
			Immigration Impacts
		4.5 World Population Distribution
		4.6 Population Density
			Overpopulation
		4.7 Population Data and Projections
			Population Data
			Population Projections
			Population Controls
		4.8 Population Prospects
			Population Implosion in the Developed World?
			Momentum
			Aging
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
PART TWO: PATTERNS OF DIVERSITYAND UNITY
	FIVE: LANGUAGE AND RELIGION: MOSAICS OF CULTURE
		5.1 Classification of Languages
			World Pattern of Languages
			Language Diffusion
			Language Change
			The Story of English
			Standard and Variant Languages
				Standard Language
				Dialects
			Pidgins and Creoles
			Lingua Franca
			Official Languages
		5.2 Language, Territoriality, and Cultural Identity
		5.3 Language on the Landscape: Toponymy
		5.4 Religion and Culture
			Classification of Religion
		5.5 Patterns and Flows
			The World Pattern
		5.6 The Principal Religions
			Judaism
			Christianity
				Regions and Landscapes of Christianity
			Islam
			Hinduism
			Buddhism
			East Asian Ethnic Religions
			Secularism
			Change and Diversity in the Geography of Religion
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
	SIX: ETHNIC GEOGRAPHY: THREADS OF DIVERSITY
		6.1 Ethnicity and Race
			Ethnic Diversity and Separatism
		6.2 Immigration Streams
		6.3 Acculturation and Assimilation
			Areal Expressions of Ethnicity
			Charter Cultures
			Ethnic Islands
			The Black or African American Population
			Hispanic Concentrations
			Asian American Contrasts
			Immigrant Gateways and Clusters
			Québec
		6.4 Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation
			External Controls
			Internal Controls
			Shifting Ethnic Concentrations
			Enclaves, Ghettos, and Ethnoburbs
			Native-Born Dispersals
		6.5 Cultural Transfer
		6.6 The Ethnic Landscape
			Ethnic Regionalism
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
	SEVEN: CULTURAL IDENTITIES AND CULTURALLANDSCAPES: DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY
		7.1 Cultural Identities
			Folk Culture
			Culture Hearths of the United States and Canada
			Folk Culture Regions of the United States and Canada
			Folk Food and Drink Preferences
			Folk Music
			Popular Culture and National Uniformities
			Cultural Globalization
			Popular Food and Drink
			Popular Music and Dance
			Reactions Against Globalized Popular Culture
			Culture Regions
		7.2 Cultural Landscapes
			Land Survey Systems
			Settlement Patterns
			Houses
			Hearths and Diffusion Streams
				The Northern Hearths
				The Middle Atlantic Hearths
				The Southern Hearths
				The Interior and Western Hearths
			National Housing Styles
			Building Styles Around the World
			Landscapes of Consumption: The Shopping Mall
			Heritage Landscapes
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
PART THREE: DYNAMIC PATTERNS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
	EIGHT: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
		8.1 The Classification of Economic Activity and Economies
			Categories of Activity
			Types of Economic Systems
		8.2 Primary Activities: Agriculture
			Subsistence Agriculture
				Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
				Intensive Subsistence Systems
				Urban Subsistence Farming
				Expanding Crop Production
				Intensification and the Green Revolution
				Commercial Agriculture
					Production Controls
					A Model of Agricultural Location
					Intensive Commercial Agriculture
					Extensive Commercial Agriculture
					Special Crops
					Sustainable Agriculture
		8.3 Primary Activities: Resource Exploitation
			Resource Terminology
			Fishing
			Forestry
			Mining and Quarrying
				Metals
				Nonmetallic Minerals
				Fossil Fuels
		8.4 Trade in Primary Products
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
	NINE: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES
		9.1 Components of the Space Economy
			Basic Economic Concepts
		9.2 Secondary Activities: Manufacturing
			Locational Decisions in Manufacturing
				Principles of Location
				Raw Materials
				Power Supply
				Labor
				Market
				Transportation Modes
			Transportation and Location
			Industrial Location Theory
				Least-Cost Theory
				Modifications to Least-Cost Theory
			Contemporary Industrial Location Considerations
				Political Considerations
				Agglomeration Economies
				Just-in-Time and Flexible Production
				Comparative Advantage, Offshoring, and the New International Division of Labor
			Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
		9.3 High-Technology Manufacturing
		9.4 World Manufacturing Patterns and Trends
		9.5 Tertiary Activities
			Types of Service Activities
			Locational Interdependence Theory for Services
			Consumer Services
				Tourism
				Gambling
			Producer Services
		9.6 Services in World Trade
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
	TEN: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE
		10.1 An Uneven World
		10.2 Dividing the Continuum: Defining Development
		10.3 Measures of Development
			Gross National Income (GNI) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per Capita
			Energy Consumption per Capita
			Percentage of the Workforce Engaged in Agriculture
			Food Security and Nutrition
			Education
			Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
			Health
			Technology
		10.4 Explanations of Development and Underdevelopment
			Physical Geography
			The Slave Trade and Colonialism
			Modernization Theory
			The Core-Periphery Model
			Dependency Theory
			World Systems Theory
		10.5 Strategies for Development
			New Directions in Development
			Development Prospects
			Challenges and Opportunities Facing Developing Countries
				Foreign Debt
				Land Ownership
		10.6 Gender Inequality
		10.7 Alternative Measures of Development and Well-Being
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
PART FOUR: LANDSCAPES OF FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
	ELEVEN: URBAN SYSTEMS AND URBAN STRUCTURES
		11.1 An Urbanizing World
			Merging Urban Regions
		11.2 Settlement Roots
		11.3 Origins and Evolution of Cities
			The Nature of Cities
			The Location of Urban Settlements
			Transportation Epochs
			The Economic Base
		11.4 The Functions of Cities
			Cities as Central Places
		11.5 Systems of Cities
			The Urban Hierarchy
			World Cities
			Rank-Size and Primacy
			Network Cities
		11.6 Inside the City
			Defining the City Today
			Classic Patterns of Urban Land Use
				The Central Business District
				Outside the CBD
				Automobile-Based Patterns
				Regional Differences
				Models of Urban Form
		11.7 Social Areas of Cities
			Social Status
			Family Status
			Ethnicity
			Institutional Controls
		11.8 Changes in Urban Form
			Suburbanization and Edge Cities
			Central City Decline
			Central City Renewal and Gentrification
		11.9 World Urban Diversity
			The West European City
			Eastern European Cities
			Rapidly Growing Cities of the Developing World
				Influences of the Past
			Urban Primacy and Rapid Growth
				Squatter Settlements
				Latin American City Model
				Planned Cities
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
	TWELVE: THE POLITICAL ORDERING OF SPACE
		12.1 National Political Systems
			States, Nations, and Nation-States
			The Evolution of the Modern State
			Challenges to the State
			Spatial Characteristics of States
				Size
				Shape
				Location
				Cores and Capitals
			Boundaries: The Limits of the State
				Natural and Geometric Boundaries
				Boundaries Classified by Settlement
				Boundary Disputes
			Centripetal Forces: Promoting State Cohesion
				Nationalism
				Unifying Institutions
				Organization and Administration
				Transportation and Communication
			Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority
		12.2 Cooperation Among States
			Supranationalism
			The United Nations and Its Agencies
				Maritime Boundaries
				An International Law of the Sea
				UN Affiliates
			Regional Alliances
				Economic Alliances
				Military and Political Alliances
		12.3 Local and Regional Political Organization
			The Geography of Representation: The Districting Problem
			The Fragmentation of Political Power
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
PART FIVE: HUMAN ACTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
	THIRTEEN: HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
		13.1 Physical Environments and Human Impacts
			Earth's Environmental Systems
			Impacts on the Atmosphere
			Air Pollution and Acid Precipitation
			The Trouble with Ozone
			Global Climate Change
		13.2 Impacts on Land Cover
			Tropical Deforestation
				Desertification
			Soil Erosion
		13.3 Impacts on Water Resources
			Water Availability
			Water Use and Abuse
		13.4 Wastes
			Solid Wastes
			Toxic Wastes
				Radioactive Wastes
			Exporting Wastes
		13.5 Future Prospects and Perspectives
		Summary
		For Review
		Key Concepts Review
Appendices
	A: Map Projections
	B: 2017 World Population Data
	C: Canada, Mexico, and United States Reference Map
Glossary
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Index
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