Human Factors on the Flight Deck: A Practical Guide for Design, Modelling and Evaluation

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction to Human Factors in Aviation
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Human Factors in Aviation
	1.3 Micro, Meso and Macro Levels of Analysis
		1.3.1 Micro Level
		1.3.2 Meso Level
		1.3.3 Macro Level
	1.4 Human Factors and Aircraft Design
	1.5 Structure of the Book
		1.5.1 Chapter 1: Introduction
		1.5.2 Chapter 2: Human Factors Approach to Research and User-Centred Design
		1.5.3 Chapter 3: Human Factors Measures and Methods
		1.5.4 Chapter 4: Defining Usability Criteria
		1.5.5 Chapter 5: The Design Process
		1.5.6 Chapter 6: Design Requirements
		1.5.7 Chapter 7: Design Generation
		1.5.8 Chapter 8: Design Modelling
		1.5.9 Chapter 9: Design Evaluation
		1.5.10 Chapter 10: Conclusion
2 Human Factors Approach to Research and User-Centred Design
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Research Design Considerations
		2.2.1 Generating a Research Question (Or Hypothesis)
		2.2.2 Variables
		2.2.3 Type of Study Design
		2.2.4 Participants
		2.2.5 Measures and Equipment
		2.2.6 Procedure
		2.2.7 Quantitative and Qualitative Research
	2.3 User-Centred Design
		2.3.1 The Process of User-Centred Design
		2.3.2 Design Standards
	2.4 Research Ethics
	2.5 Conclusions
3 Human Factors Measures and Methods
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Subjective Measures
	3.3 SUBJECTIVE Human Performance Measures
		3.3.1 Usability
		3.3.2 User Acceptance
		3.3.3 User Confidence
		3.3.4 Trust
		3.3.5 Motivation
		3.3.6 Situation Awareness (SA)
		3.3.7 Task Performance
		3.3.8 Human Error Identification
		3.3.9 Workload
		3.3.10 Fatigue
		3.3.11 Attention
		3.3.12 Teamwork
		3.3.13 Communication
		3.3.14 Stress
		3.3.15 Vigilance
	3.4 Methods to Elicit Design Requirements
		3.4.1 Interviews
			3.4.1.1 Schema World Action Research Method (SWARM)
		3.4.2 Operator Event Sequence Diagrams (OESDs)
		3.4.3 Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)
	3.4.4 Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA)
	3.5 Design Methods
		3.5.1 Design With Intent (DwI)
	3.6 Evaluation Methods
	3.7 Summary and Conclusion
	Note
4 Defining Usability Criteria
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 What Is Usability?
		4.1.2 Features of Usability
			4.1.2.1 Usability Factors
			4.1.2.2 Usability Goals
			4.1.2.3 Usability Design Principles
	4.2 Development of Context-Specific Usability Criteria
		4.2.1 Understanding Context
		4.2.2 Cockpit-Specific Usability Criteria
	4.3 Example: Assessing the Usability of Touchscreen Technology During Turbulent Conditions
	4.4 Conclusions
5 The Design Process
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Design Process
		5.2.1 Stage 0 – Generate Design Requirements
		5.2.2 Stage 1 – Design
		5.2.3 Stage 2 – Model
		5.2.4 Stage 3 – Evaluate
	5.3 Conclusion
6 Design Requirements
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Advancing Current Systems
		6.1.2 Case Study Example: On-Board Flight Management System
			6.1.2.1 Hierarchical Task Analysis
			6.1.2.2 Using SHERPA to Understand and Mitigate Human Error When Interacting With the FMS
	6.2 Defining New Concepts
		6.2.1 Case Study: Oil Starvation Alert
			6.2.1.1 User Requirements
			6.2.1.2 The Perceptual Cycle Model
			6.2.1.3 Method for Eliciting User Requirements Using the PCM
			6.2.1.4 Design Recommendations
	6.3 Conclusions
7 Design Generation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Generating User Designs
		7.2.1 Design Elicitation Techniques – Design With Intent
			7.2.1.1 DwI Requirements
			7.2.1.2 Domains of Application
		7.2.2 Generation of a Novel Engine Health Warning System
			7.2.2.1 Case Study: Oil Starvation Alert
			7.2.2.2 Participants
			7.2.2.3 Procedure
			7.2.2.4 Outputs
	7.3 Appropriateness of User-Led Design Approaches
	7.4 Reviewing User Designs Against Design Requirements
		7.4.1 SHERPA Method
			7.4.1.1 Participants
			7.4.1.2 Procedure
			7.4.1.3 SHERPA Results
			7.4.1.4 Mapping DwI Workshop Responses to SHERPA Errors and Remedial Measures
		7.4.2 Design Insights From Human Factors Practitioners vs. Domain Experts
	7.5 Summary
8 Design Modelling
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Engineering Integration Modelling
		8.2.1 Case Study: Application of OESD to Next-Generation Flight Management Systems
			8.2.1.1 Comparing ‘Present’ With ‘Future’ Methods of Interacting With Flight Management Systems
			8.2.1.2 Engineering Integration Summary
	8.3 User Behaviour Modelling: Human Decision-Making
		8.3.1 Case Study: Engine Bird Strike
			8.3.1.1 Methodology: Pilot Decision-Making Data Collection
			8.3.1.2 Recognition Primed Decision Model
			8.3.1.3 Decision Ladder
			8.3.1.4 Perceptual Cycle Model
		8.3.2 Comparing Decision Models
	8.4 Conclusions
9 Design Evaluation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Wire-Frame Evaluations
		9.2.1 Case Study: Warm-Up/Cool-Down Indicator
			9.2.1.1 Participants
			9.2.1.2 Designs
			9.2.1.3 Heuristic Evaluation
			9.2.1.4 Results
	9.3 Simulation Evaluations
		9.3.1 Case Study: Oil Starvation Avoidance (OSA)
			9.3.1.1 Experimental Scenario
			9.3.1.2 Participants
			9.3.1.3 Results
	9.4 Simulation Across Context of Use
		9.4.1 Case Study: Flight-Deck Touchscreens in Turbulent Conditions
			9.4.1.1 Task-Specific Testing
			9.4.1.2 Results
	9.5 Conclusions
10 Conclusion
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Book Summary
	10.3 Reflections On User-Centred Design On the Flight Deck
		10.3.1 Methodological Lessons
			10.3.1.1 Qualitative Research
			10.3.1.2 Experimental Setting
			10.3.1.3 Human Participants
	10.4 Recommendations
		10.4.1 Design
		10.4.2 Model
		10.4.3 Evaluate
	10.5 Applications to Other Domains
	10.6 Closing Remarks
References
Index