Human factors and ergonomics in sport: applications and future directions

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Editors......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
Section I Introduction to HFE in Sport......Page 20
  1.1 Introduction......Page 22
  1.2 Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics......Page 23
    1.2.1.1 Individual Models......Page 24
    1.2.1.2 Team Models......Page 25
    1.2.1.3 Organisational and Systems Models......Page 26
  1.3 Applications of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Sport......Page 27
  1.4 Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods......Page 28
   1.4.1 Physical Human Factors and Ergonomics Applications......Page 29
   1.4.2 Cognitive HFE Applications......Page 32
  1.5 Discussion......Page 33
  References......Page 34
   2.1.1 A Background to Complexity Science......Page 40
   2.1.2 Emergence: A Key Concept in Complexity Science......Page 41
   2.2.2 Diverse Range of Agents (e.g. People/Organisations) and Factors......Page 44
   2.2.3 Open Boundaries......Page 45
   2.2.5 Complex Behaviours and Relationships......Page 46
  2.3 Simple, Complicated, and Complex Problems and Systems......Page 47
  2.4 Complex Socio-technical Systems......Page 49
  2.5 Conclusion......Page 50
  References......Page 53
Section II Physical HFE Applications......Page 60
  3.1 Introduction......Page 62
  3.2 The Importance of Scaling in Children’s Sports......Page 63
  3.3 Research Investigating Scaling in Sport......Page 65
  3.4 A Theoretical Framework for Scaling......Page 67
  3.5 Practical Applications in Sport......Page 69
  References......Page 71
  4.1 Sport Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Frameworks......Page 76
  4.2 Establishing the Extent of the Injury Problem (Step 1)......Page 77
  4.3 Optimising Risk Assessment (Step 2)......Page 78
  4.4 Optimising Uptake and Adherence to Evidence-Based Preventive Strategies (Step 3)......Page 81
  4.6 Conclusion......Page 85
  References......Page 86
  5.1 Introduction......Page 90
   5.2.2 Minimalist Shoes and Barefoot Running......Page 91
   5.2.4 Energy Return from Midsole Material......Page 92
   5.3.1 Mechanisms Underlying Running-Related Injury......Page 93
   5.3.2 Investigating the Role of Sports Footwear in Injury Development......Page 94
   5.4.1 Once Upon a Time …......Page 96
   5.4.3 Shoe Cushioning......Page 97
   5.4.4 Motion Control Systems......Page 98
   5.4.5 Shoe Drop......Page 99
  5.5 Future Directions......Page 100
  5.6 Practical Application in Sport......Page 101
  References......Page 102
  6.1 Introduction......Page 106
  6.2 A Brief History of Steering Wheel Development in Motorsport......Page 107
  6.3 Contemporary Steering Wheel Designs in Motorsport......Page 108
   6.4.1 Primary Driving Task......Page 110
  6.5 Environmental Demands......Page 112
  6.6 Rationale for Re-Design......Page 113
  6.7 Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods in Wheel Design and Evaluation......Page 115
   6.7.1 A Case Study Examining Efficiency and Difficulty of Usage......Page 117
  References......Page 119
  7.1 Introduction......Page 122
  7.2 Design Parameters......Page 123
   7.2.1 Seat Position......Page 124
   7.2.2 The Wheels......Page 126
   7.3.1 Equipment Design......Page 127
   7.3.2 Sensor Technology and Testing Approaches......Page 128
   7.4.1 Understanding Performance Needs......Page 130
   7.4.2 Design Parameters......Page 131
   7.4.4 Monitoring......Page 132
   7.4.5 Analysis......Page 133
  7.6 Conclusion......Page 135
  References......Page 136
  8.1 Introduction......Page 140
  8.2 The Dynamic Environment......Page 141
  8.3 Human Shock and Vibration Measurement and Assessment......Page 143
   8.4.1 Optimisation of Sources of Dynamic Loading......Page 145
   8.4.2 Optimisation of Transmission Paths......Page 147
   8.4.4 Optimisation of Performance......Page 148
  8.5 Summary......Page 149
  References......Page 150
Section III Cognitive HFE Applications......Page 152
  9.1 Introduction......Page 154
  9.2 The RPD Model......Page 155
  9.3 An Overview of Studies Using the RPD Model in Sports and Discussion......Page 158
    9.3.3.1 The Split between the Three Levels of the RPD Model......Page 159
    9.3.3.2 The By-Products Used to Recognise the Situation as Typical......Page 162
    9.3.3.3 Decisions Driven by Adaptation in the Course of Action or Anticipation......Page 165
   9.4.1 Two More Assertions......Page 166
   9.4.2 The Revisited RPD Model......Page 167
   9.4.3 Empirical Support for the Revisited RPD Model and Discussion......Page 168
  9.6 Conclusion......Page 169
  References......Page 170
 Chapter 10 Distributed Situation Awareness in Australian Rules Football Officiating......Page 174
   10.1.1 Technology and Officials in Sport......Page 175
   10.1.2 The Game of Australian Rules Football......Page 176
   10.2.1 Study Design......Page 177
    10.2.2.1 Data Collection......Page 178
    10.2.2.3 Development of the Task Network......Page 179
    10.2.2.4 Development of the Information Networks......Page 181
    10.2.2.6 Network Validation......Page 183
    10.2.2.7 Network Analysis......Page 184
   10.3.3 Node-Level Metrics......Page 185
   10.4.1 Key Tasks, Agents, and Information......Page 190
   10.4.4 Changes in Network Characteristics in Updated Models......Page 191
   10.5.1 Scenario......Page 192
   10.6.2 Impact for Sport......Page 193
  References......Page 197
   11.1.1 Human Factors and Cognition in Sport......Page 200
   11.1.2 Definition of Cognitive Load......Page 201
   11.1.3 Overview of Cognitive Demands in Sport......Page 202
   11.2.1 Cognitive Fatigue as a Result of Cognitive Load......Page 203
   11.2.2 Typical Cognitive Loading Tasks......Page 205
   11.2.3 Information Processing and Working Memory......Page 206
   11.2.4 Response-Inhibition......Page 207
   11.2.5 Information Recall......Page 208
   11.2.7 Summary......Page 209
   11.3.1 Assessment of Cognitive Load......Page 210
   11.3.2 Management of Cognitive Load......Page 211
   11.3.4 Recovery From Cognitive Load......Page 212
   11.3.6 Practical Applications Summary......Page 213
  References......Page 214
  12.1 Introduction......Page 220
  12.2 The Game of Cricket......Page 221
  12.3 Skill Acquisition Within Sport......Page 222
  12.4 Skill Acquisition Within Cricket......Page 224
  12.5 What Are Constraints?......Page 226
   12.5.3 Task Constraints......Page 227
  12.6 The Constraints-Led Model......Page 229
  12.7 Dynamical Systems Theory......Page 230
  12.8 Practice Design......Page 231
  12.9 Constraints-Led Training in Cricket: A HFE Approach......Page 233
  References......Page 236
  13.1 Introduction......Page 240
  13.2 Systems Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods......Page 242
  13.3 Systems Analysis and Design: Cognitive Work Analysis......Page 243
  13.4 Teamwork Assessment: Social Network Analysis (SNA)......Page 247
  13.5 Teamwork Assessment: Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST)......Page 249
  13.6 Cognitive Task Analysis: Critical Decision Method......Page 251
  References......Page 253
Section IV Systems HFE Applications......Page 258
  14.1 Introduction......Page 260
   14.2.1 Physical Activity for People with a Disability Model......Page 261
   14.3.3 Data Analysis......Page 262
   14.4.1 Social Influences......Page 263
   14.4.2 Access to Sports Programmes......Page 264
   14.4.3 Access to Wheelchairs......Page 265
  14.5 Discussion and Practical Application in Sport......Page 266
  14.6 Practical Implications for Para-Sport......Page 269
  14.7 Limitations......Page 270
  References......Page 271
  15.1 Introduction......Page 274
  15.2 Causal Loop Diagrams......Page 276
   15.3.2 CLD Development......Page 278
  15.4 Results......Page 279
   15.5.1 Success to the Successful, but Only for So Long......Page 281
   15.5.3 The Importance of Club Strategy and Management......Page 283
   15.5.5 Study Limitations and Areas for Further Research......Page 284
  15.6 Conclusion......Page 285
  References......Page 286
  16.1 Introduction......Page 288
   16.1.1 What Are Sports Performance Pathways?......Page 290
   16.1.2 Sports Systems......Page 291
   16.1.3 The Need for Strengthening Performance Pathways in Dressage......Page 292
   16.2.2 Materials......Page 294
   16.2.3 Procedure......Page 295
  16.3 Results......Page 297
  16.4 Discussion......Page 298
  16.5 Practical Application to Sport......Page 301
  References......Page 302
  17.1 Introduction......Page 306
   17.2.1 Study Design......Page 307
    17.2.2.1 Network Analysis......Page 308
    17.2.2.6 Efficiency (Shot and Goal)......Page 309
  17.3 Results......Page 310
  17.4 Discussion......Page 312
   17.4.2 Comparative Analysis......Page 316
   17.4.3 Shot and Goal Efficiency......Page 317
   17.4.4 Pitch Zones......Page 318
  References......Page 319
  18.1 Introduction......Page 322
  18.2 Managing Concussion......Page 324
   18.3.1 Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework......Page 328
   18.3.2 Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP)......Page 331
   18.3.3 Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA)......Page 333
  18.4 Practical Applications in Sport......Page 336
  18.6 Conclusions......Page 337
  References......Page 338
 Chapter 19 Using Computational Modelling for Sports Injury Prevention: Agent-Based Modelling and System Dynamics Modelling......Page 342
   19.1.2 Why Use Computational Modelling?......Page 343
   19.1.3 Purposes of Computational Modelling......Page 344
    19.2.1.1 Agent-Based Modelling (ABM)......Page 347
    19.2.1.2 System Dynamics (SD) Modelling......Page 351
   19.3.2 A Proposed ‘Modelling Continuum’ to Support Systems Thinking in Sport......Page 356
   19.3.3 Combining Design-Based Ergonomics Methods with Computational Modelling......Page 357
   19.3.4 What is Next for Computational Modelling in Sport?......Page 358
  References......Page 359
Section V Future Applications of HFE in Sport......Page 364
  20.1 Introduction......Page 366
   20.2.2 More to HFE in Sport Than Just Injury Prevention and Equipment Design......Page 367
   20.3.2 Disrupting Illicit Sports Systems......Page 368
   20.3.4 Risk Assessment......Page 369
   20.3.6 Simulating Sports System Behaviour......Page 370
  References......Page 371
Index......Page 374