Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 2: The Path to Bedside Management (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1405)

Foreword by Prof. Karl Schaller
Foreword by Prof. Charlie Teo
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Malignant Glioma
	Abstract
	1.1 Background and Epidemiology
		1.1.1 Astrocytoma
		1.1.2 Oligodendroglioma
		1.1.3 Diffuse Midline Glioma
	1.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		1.2.1 Anaplastic Astrocytoma
		1.2.2 Glioblastoma
		1.2.3 Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
		1.2.4 Diffuse Midline Glioma
	1.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		1.3.1 Glioblastoma
		1.3.2 Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
		1.3.3 Diffuse Midline Glioma
	1.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		1.4.1 Astrocytoma
		1.4.2 Oligodendroglioma
		1.4.3 Diffuse Midline Glioma
	1.5 Clinical Manifestations
		1.5.1 Increased Intracranial Pressure
		1.5.2 Focal Neurologic Deficits
		1.5.3 Seizures
	1.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		1.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		1.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			1.6.2.1 Adjuvant Treatment Options Based on Tumor Type
		1.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
		1.6.4 Symptomatic Management
	1.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
2 Benign Glioma
	Abstract
	2.1 Background and Epidemiology
		2.1.1 Pilocytic Astrocytoma (PA)
		2.1.2 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (PMA)
		2.1.3 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
		2.1.4 Subependymoma (SE)
		2.1.5 Angiocentric Glioma
		2.1.6 Ganglioglioma
		2.1.7 Chordoid Glioma (CG)
		2.1.8 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
		2.1.9 Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
	2.2 Genetics, Immunology, Molecular Biology
	2.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		2.3.1 Pilocytic Astrocytoma (PA)
		2.3.2 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (PMA)
		2.3.3 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
		2.3.4 Subependymoma (SE)
		2.3.5 Angiocentric Glioma
		2.3.6 Ganglioglioma
		2.3.7 Chordoid Glioma (CG)
		2.3.8 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
		2.3.9 Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
	2.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		2.4.1 Pilocytic Astrocytoma (PA)
		2.4.2 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (PMA)
		2.4.3 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
		2.4.4 Subependymoma (SE)
		2.4.5 Angiocentric Glioma
		2.4.6 Ganglioglioma
		2.4.7 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
		2.4.8 Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
	2.5 Clinical Manifestations
		2.5.1 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (PMA)
		2.5.2 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
		2.5.3 Chordoid Glioma (CG)
	2.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		2.6.1 Observation
		2.6.2 Surgical Intervention
			2.6.2.1 Biopsy
			2.6.2.2 Surgical Resection
				Surgical Resection for Pilocytic Astrocytoma
				Surgical Resection for Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (PMA)
				Surgical Resection for Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
				Surgical Resection for Subependymoma (SE)
				Surgical Resection for Angiocentric Glioma
				Surgical Resection for Ganglioglioma
				Surgical Resection for Chordoid Glioma (CG)
				Surgical Resection for Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
				Surgical Resection for Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
		2.6.3 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			2.6.3.1 Radiation
			2.6.3.2 Chemotherapy
				Chemotherapy for Pilocytic Astrocytoma
				Chemotherapy for Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
				Chemotherapy for Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
		2.6.4 New Therapeutic Modalities
	2.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		2.7.1 Pilocytic Astrocytoma (PA)
		2.7.2 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (PMA)
		2.7.3 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
		2.7.4 Subependymoma (SE)
		2.7.5 Ganglioglioma
		2.7.6 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
		2.7.7 Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
3 Meningioma and Other Meningeal Tumors
	Abstract
	3.1 Background and Epidemiology
		3.1.1 Epidemiology
		3.1.2 Risk Factors
	3.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	3.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	3.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	3.5 Clinical Manifestations
	3.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		3.6.1 Observation
		3.6.2 Surgical Intervention
			3.6.2.1 Intracranial Meningiomas
			3.6.2.2 Spinal Meningiomas
			3.6.2.3 Advancements in Surgical Techniques
		3.6.3 Radiation Therapy
			3.6.3.1 Radiation Therapy as Primary Treatment
			3.6.3.2 Radiation Therapy as Adjuvant/Salvage Treatment
		3.6.4 Chemotherapy and New Therapeutic Modalities
	3.7 Prognosis and Follow-Up
	3.8 Other Meningeal Tumors
		3.8.1 Hemangiopericytoma/Solitary Fibrous Tumor
		3.8.2 Melanocytic Tumors
		3.8.3 Sarcomas
		3.8.4 Lymphomas
		3.8.5 Fibrous Histiocytoma
		3.8.6 Metastases
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4 Ependymomas in Children and Adults
	Abstract
	4.1 Background and Epidemiology
		4.1.1 Epidemiology Across All Age Groups
		4.1.2 Epidemiology of Ependymomas in Adults
		4.1.3 Epidemiology of Ependymomas in Children and Adolescents
	4.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	4.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		4.3.1 WHO Classification
		4.3.2 Molecular Classification
	4.4 Imaging and Radiological Features
		4.4.1 Infratentorial Ependymomas
		4.4.2 Supratentorial Ependymomas
		4.4.3 Spinal Ependymomas
		4.4.4 Subependymomas
	4.5 Clinical Manifestations
	4.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		4.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		4.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			4.6.2.1 Radiotherapy
			4.6.2.2 Chemotherapy
		4.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
		4.6.4 Management of Subependymomas
	4.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
5 Medulloblastomas in Pediatric and Adults
	Abstract
	5.1 Background and Epidemiology
		5.1.1 Historical Background
		5.1.2 Epidemiology and Syndromology
	5.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		5.2.1 The WNT Group
		5.2.2 The SHH Group
		5.2.3 Group 3
		5.2.4 Group 4
	5.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	5.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		5.4.1 Topography
	5.5 Clinical Manifestations
	5.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		5.6.1 Surgical Intervention
			5.6.1.1 Morbidity
			5.6.1.2 Hydrocephalus
		5.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		5.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	5.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		5.7.1 Stratification and Risk Factors
		5.7.2 Long-Term Follow-Up
			5.7.2.1 Endocrine Disorders
			5.7.2.2 Cognitive Impairment
			5.7.2.3 Ototoxicity
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6 Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Pineal Region
	Abstract
	6.1 Background and Epidemiology
	6.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	6.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		6.3.1 Benign Pineal Region Tumors
		6.3.2 Glial Pineal Tumors
		6.3.3 Papillary Tumors of the Pineal Region
		6.3.4 Primary Pineal Parenchymal Tumors
		6.3.5 Germ Cell Tumors (GCT)
	6.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		6.4.1 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and MR Spectroscopy
	6.5 Clinical Manifestations
		6.5.1 Diagnosis of Pineal Region Tumors
	6.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		6.6.1 Surgical Intervention
			6.6.1.1 Stereotactic or Neuroendoscopic Biopsy
			6.6.1.2 Open Surgical Planning—Overview
			6.6.1.3 Supracerebellar Infratentorial (SCIT)
			6.6.1.4 Lateral SCIT
			6.6.1.5 Occipital Transtentorial and Interhemispheric Transcallosal Approaches
			6.6.1.6 Transcortical Transventricular Approach
			6.6.1.7 Post-operative Care and Complications
		6.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		6.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	6.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
7 Tumors of Choroid Plexus and Other Ventricular Tumors
	Abstract
	7.1 Background and Epidemiology
	7.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		7.2.1 Genetic of Choroid Plexus Tumors
		7.2.2 Epigenetic Profile of Choroid Plexus Tumors
		7.2.3 Environmental Exposure
		7.2.4 Preclinical Studies
	7.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		7.3.1 Gross Pathology
		7.3.2 Histology
			7.3.2.1 Choroid Plexus Papilloma
			7.3.2.2 Atypical Papilloma
			7.3.2.3 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
		7.3.3 Immunohistochemistry
		7.3.4 Differential Diagnosis
			7.3.4.1 Choroid Plexus with Villous Hypertrophy
			7.3.4.2 Ependymoma
			7.3.4.3 Germ Cell Tumors
			7.3.4.4 AT/TR
			7.3.4.5 Intraventricular Meningioma
			7.3.4.6 Metastases
	7.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		7.4.1 Computed Tomography Findings
		7.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
			7.4.2.1 Morphological and Functional MRI Findings
			7.4.2.2 MRI Staging, Differential Diagnosis, and Follow-Up
	7.5 Clinical Manifestations
	7.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		7.6.1 Management of Hydrocephalus
		7.6.2 Surgical Intervention
			7.6.2.1 Preparing and Positioning
			7.6.2.2 Surgical Approaches to the Lateral and Third Ventricles
			7.6.2.3 Anterior Approach: Transcortical and Transcallosal
			7.6.2.4 Lateral Approaches: Transtemporal and Transparietal
			7.6.2.5 Microsurgical Tumor Dissection and Removal
			7.6.2.6 Surgical Approaches to the Fourth Ventricle
			7.6.2.7 Early Postoperative Period
			7.6.2.8 Endoscopic Adjuncts to Intraventricular Surgery
		7.6.3 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			7.6.3.1 Chemotherapy
			7.6.3.2 Marrow-Ablative High-Dose Chemotherapy with Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Rescue
			7.6.3.3 Radiation Therapy
		7.6.4 New Therapeutic Modalities
	7.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	7.8 Other Intraventricular Tumors
		7.8.1 Subependymoma
		7.8.2 Central Neurocytoma
		7.8.3 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
		7.8.4 Rarer Histotypes
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
8 Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System with Multilayered Rosettes and Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors
	Abstract
	8.1 Background and Epidemiology
		8.1.1 Introduction
		8.1.2 Historical Notes
		8.1.3 Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C19MC—Altered
		8.1.4 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) (ICD-O 9508/3)
		8.1.5 Other Embryonal Tumors of the CNS
	8.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		8.2.1 Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C19MC—Altered
			8.2.1.1 Cell of Origin
			8.2.1.2 Genetic Changes
		8.2.2 Other Embryonal Tumors of the CNS
			8.2.2.1 Cell of Origin
		8.2.3 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) (ICD-O 9508/3)
		8.2.4 New Emerging Molecular Subtypes
			8.2.4.1 CNS HGNET-BCOR
			8.2.4.2 DICER1-Associated Tumors
	8.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		8.3.1 Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C19MC—Altered
			8.3.1.1 Macroscopy
			8.3.1.2 Microscopy
			8.3.1.3 Immunohistochemical Profile
			8.3.1.4 Electron Microscopy
		8.3.2 Other Embryonal Tumors of the CNS
			8.3.2.1 Medulloepithelioma (ICD-O 9501/3)
			8.3.2.2 Neuroblastoma (ICD-O Code 9500/3) and Ganglioneuroblastoma (ICD-O Code 9490/3)
			8.3.2.3 Embryonal Tumors of the CNS, NOS (ICD-O Code 9473/3)
		8.3.3 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) (ICD-O 9508/3)
			8.3.3.1 Macroscopy
			8.3.3.2 Microscopy
			8.3.3.3 Immunohistochemical Profile
	8.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		8.4.1 Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C19MC—Altered
			8.4.1.1 Localization
			8.4.1.2 MRI Findings
		8.4.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) (ICD-O 9508/3)
			8.4.2.1 Localization
			8.4.2.2 MRI Findings
	8.5 Clinical Manifestations
	8.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		8.6.1 Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C19MC—Altered
			8.6.1.1 Surgical Intervention
			8.6.1.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		8.6.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) (ICD-O 9508/3)
			8.6.2.1 Surgical Intervention
			8.6.2.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
	8.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		8.7.1 Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR), C19MC—Altered
		8.7.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) (ICD-O 9508/3)
		8.7.3 Other Embryonal Tumors of the CNS
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9 Glioneuronal and Neuronal Tumors of the Central Nervous System
	Abstract
	9.1 Background and Epidemiology
	9.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		9.2.1 Immunohistochemistry
			9.2.1.1 Markers of Neuronal Differentiation
			9.2.1.2 Markers of Glial Differentiation
			9.2.1.3 Prognostic Markers
			9.2.1.4 Other Markers
		9.2.2 Molecular Features
	9.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		9.3.1 WHO Entities
			9.3.1.1 Central Neurocytoma (CN) and Extraventricular Neurocytoma (EVN)
			9.3.1.2 Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma
			9.3.1.3 Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma (DIA) and Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma (DIG)
			9.3.1.4 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)
			9.3.1.5 Gangliocytoma (GC) and Ganglioglioma (GG)
			9.3.1.6 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor (DLGNT)
			9.3.1.7 Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor (PGNT)
			9.3.1.8 Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor (RGNT)
			9.3.1.9 Paraganglioma of CNS
		9.3.2 Emerging Entities
			9.3.2.1 Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Young (PLNTY)
			9.3.2.2 Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumor (MVNT)
			9.3.2.3 Myxoid Glioneuronal Tumor-PDGFRA p.K385-Mutant
	9.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		9.4.1 Central Neurocytoma and Extraventricular Neurocytoma
		9.4.2 Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma
		9.4.3 Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma, Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma
		9.4.4 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)
		9.4.5 Ganglioglioma and Gangliocytoma (GG & GC)
		9.4.6 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor (DLGNT)
		9.4.7 Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor (PGNT)
		9.4.8 Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor (RGNT)
		9.4.9 Paraganglioma
		9.4.10 Polymorphous Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Young (PLNTY)
		9.4.11 Intraoperative Ultrasound (IUS)
	9.5 Clinical Manifestations
	9.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		9.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		9.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		9.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	9.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10 Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Pituitary Gland
	Abstract
	10.1 Background and Epidemiology
	10.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	10.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	10.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	10.5 Clinical Manifestations
	10.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		10.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		10.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		10.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	10.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
11 Craniopharyngioma in Pediatrics and Adults
	Abstract
	11.1 Background and Epidemiology
	11.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	11.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	11.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	11.5 Clinical Manifestations
	11.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		11.6.1 Surgical Intervention
			11.6.1.1 Surgical General Considerations
			11.6.1.2 Topographic and Surgical Anatomy Classification
			11.6.1.3 Surgical Approaches
			11.6.1.4 Extent of Resection
			11.6.1.5 Postoperative Complications
			11.6.1.6 Cyst Drainage
		11.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			11.6.2.1 Systemic Chemotherapy
			11.6.2.2 Intracystic Chemotherapy
			11.6.2.3 External Beam Radiation Therapy (RT)
			11.6.2.4 Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
			11.6.2.5 Intracavitary Brachytherapy
		11.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
			11.6.3.1 Proton Beam Therapy (PBT)
			11.6.3.2 BRAF Inhibitors
	11.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
12 Schwannomas of Brain and Spinal Cord
	Abstract
	12.1 Background and Epidemiology
	12.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	12.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	12.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	12.5 Clinical Manifestations
	12.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		12.6.1 Surgical Intervention
			12.6.1.1 The Retrosigmoid Suboccipital Approach
			12.6.1.2 The Translabyrinthine Approach
			12.6.1.3 The Middle Fossa Approach
			12.6.1.4 The Retrosigmoid Suprameatal (Samii) Approach
		12.6.2 Radiotherapy
		12.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	12.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
13 Other Nerve Sheath Tumors of Brain and Spinal Cord
	Abstract
	13.1 Background and Epidemiology
	13.2 Genetics, Immunology and Molecular Biology
	13.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	13.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	13.5 Clinical Manifestations
	13.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		13.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		13.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		13.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	13.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
14 Hemangioblastomas and Other Vascular Originating Tumors of Brain or Spinal Cord
	Abstract
	14.1 Background and Epidemiology
	14.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	14.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	14.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		14.4.1 Cerebral Hemangioblastomas
			14.4.1.1 MR Findings
			14.4.1.2 Angiography Findings
		14.4.2 Spinal Hemangioblastomas
			14.4.2.1 MR Findings
			14.4.2.2 Angiography Findings
	14.5 Clinical Manifestations
	14.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		14.6.1 Surgical Intervention
			14.6.1.1 Surgery for Intracranial Hemangioblastomas
			14.6.1.2 Surgery for Spinal Hemangioblastomas
			14.6.1.3 Preoperative Embolization
		14.6.2 Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
			14.6.2.1 Radiotherapy
			14.6.2.2 Radiotherapy for Intracranial Hemangioblastomas
			14.6.2.3 Radiotherapy for Spinal Hemangioblastomas
			14.6.2.4 Chemotherapy
		14.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	14.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	14.8 Other Vascular Originating Tumors
		14.8.1 Hemangioma
		14.8.2 Hemangioendothelioma
		14.8.3 Solitary Fibrous Tumor
		14.8.4 Angiosarcoma
	14.9 Conclusion
	References
15 Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors of Embryonic Origin
	Abstract
	15.1 Background and Epidemiology
	15.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		15.2.1 Medulloblastoma
		15.2.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors and CNS Embryonal Tumors with Rhabdoid Features
		15.2.3 Embryonal Tumors with Multilayered Rosettes
		15.2.4 Other Embryonal Tumors
	15.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		15.3.1 Medulloblastoma
			15.3.1.1 Histologic Classification of Medulloblastoma
			15.3.1.2 Genetic Classification of Medulloblastoma
		15.3.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors and CNS Embryonal Tumors with Rhabdoid Features
		15.3.3 Embryonal Tumors with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR)
		15.3.4 Medulloepithelioma
		15.3.5 CNS-Neuroblastoma (NB) and CNS-Ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB)
	15.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		15.4.1 Medulloblastoma
		15.4.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors and CNS Embryonal Tumors with Rhabdoid Features
		15.4.3 Embryonal Tumors with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR)
		15.4.4 Medulloepithelioma
		15.4.5 CNS-Neuroblastoma (NB) and CNS-Ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB)
	15.5 Clinical Manifestation
		15.5.1 Medulloblastoma
		15.5.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors and CNS Embryonal Tumors with Rhabdoid Features
		15.5.3 Embryonal Tumors with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR)
		15.5.4 Medulloepithelioma
		15.5.5 CNS-Neuroblastoma (NB) and CNS-Ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB)
	15.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		15.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		15.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		15.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
			15.6.3.1 Medulloblastoma
			15.6.3.2 Other Embryonal Tumors
	15.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
16 Brain and Spinal Tumors Originating from the Germ Line Cells
	Abstract
	16.1 Background and Epidemiology
		16.1.1 Background
		16.1.2 Epidemiology
	16.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		16.2.1 KIT-RAS-MAPK and AKT-MTOR Pathways
		16.2.2 The Distinction of Genetic Mutation Between Pure Germinoma and NGGCT
		16.2.3 BCORL1 and JMJD1C
		16.2.4 Chromosomal Aberrations and Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors (IGCTs)
		16.2.5 Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Signatures and Immunology
	16.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		16.3.1 Germinoma
		16.3.2 Teratoma and Growing Teratoma Syndrome
			16.3.2.1 Teratoma
			16.3.2.2 Growing Teratoma Syndrome (GTS)
		16.3.3 Yolk Sac Tumor
		16.3.4 Choriocarcinoma
		16.3.5 Embryonal Carcinoma
		16.3.6 Mixed Germ Cell Tumors
		16.3.7 Tumor Markers
		16.3.8 Staging
		16.3.9 Histogenesis
	16.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		16.4.1 Location
		16.4.2 Germinoma (See 16.3.1)
		16.4.3 Teratoma and Intracranial Growing Teratoma Syndrome (GTS) (See 16.3.2)
		16.4.4 Other Nongerminomatous Malignant GCT (NGMGCT) (See 16.3.3–16.3.5)
		16.4.5 Mixed GCT (See 16.3.6)
	16.5 Clinical Manifestations
	16.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		16.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		16.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			16.6.2.1 Primary Chemotherapy
			16.6.2.2 Treatment Strategies for Localized Tumors
		16.6.3 Metastasis (at Diagnosis), Relapsed, or Refractory Tumors
		16.6.4 New Therapeutic Modalities
			16.6.4.1 Targeted Biologic Therapy
			16.6.4.2 Immunotherapy (See 16.2.5)
	16.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		16.7.1 Follow-Up
			16.7.1.1 Cognitive Dysfunction
			16.7.1.2 Other Late CNS Complications After Cranial Radiotherapy
			16.7.1.3 Physical Disability and Pituitary Hormone Deficiency
		16.7.2 Prognosis
	16.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
17 Benign Brain and Spinal Tumors Originating from Bone or Cartilage
	Abstract
	17.1 Background and Epidemiology
	17.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		17.2.1 Osteoid Osteoma
		17.2.2 Osteochondromas
		17.2.3 Chondromas
		17.2.4 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs)
		17.2.5 Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
		17.2.6 Fibrous Dysplasia
		17.2.7 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
	17.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		17.3.1 Osteoid Osteoma
		17.3.2 Osteochondroma
		17.3.3 Chondromas
		17.3.4 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs)
		17.3.5 Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
		17.3.6 Fibrous Dysplasia
		17.3.7 Hemangioma
		17.3.8 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
	17.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	17.5 Clinical Manifestations
	17.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		17.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		17.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		17.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	17.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	17.8 Conclusion
	References
18 Malignant Brain and Spinal Tumors Originating from Bone or Cartilage
	Abstract
	18.1 Background and Epidemiology
		18.1.1 Chordoma
		18.1.2 Chondrosarcoma
		18.1.3 Giant-Cell Tumor
		18.1.4 Osteosarcoma
		18.1.5 Miscellaneous
			18.1.5.1 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
			18.1.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.1.5.3 Metastasis
			18.1.5.4 Cholesterol Granuloma
	18.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		18.2.1 Chordomas
		18.2.2 Chondrosarcoma
		18.2.3 Giant-Cell Tumor
		18.2.4 Osteosarcomas
		18.2.5 Miscellaneous
			18.2.5.1 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
			18.2.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.2.5.3 Metastasis
			18.2.5.4 Cholesterol Granuloma
	18.3 Morphology and Histopathology
		18.3.1 Chordoma
		18.3.2 Chondrosarcoma
		18.3.3 Giant-Cell Tumor
		18.3.4 Osteosarcoma
		18.3.5 Miscellaneous
			18.3.5.1 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
			18.3.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.3.5.3 Metastasis
			18.3.5.4 Cholesterol Granuloma
	18.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		18.4.1 Chordoma
		18.4.2 Chondrosarcoma
		18.4.3 Giant-Cell Tumor
		18.4.4 Osteosarcoma
		18.4.5 Miscellaneous
			18.4.5.1 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
			18.4.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.4.5.3 Metastasis
			18.4.5.4 Cholesterol Granuloma
	18.5 Clinical Manifestations
		18.5.1 Chordoma
		18.5.2 Chondrosarcoma
		18.5.3 Giant-Cell Tumor
		18.5.4 Osteosarcomas
		18.5.5 Miscellaneous
			18.5.5.1 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
			18.5.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.5.5.3 Metastasis
			18.5.5.4 Cholesterol Granuloma
	18.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		18.6.1 Chordoma
			18.6.1.1 Surgical Intervention
			18.6.1.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			18.6.1.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
		18.6.2 Chondrosarcoma
			18.6.2.1 Surgical Intervention
			18.6.2.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			18.6.2.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
		18.6.3 Giant-Cell Tumor
			18.6.3.1 Surgical Intervention
			18.6.3.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			18.6.3.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
		18.6.4 Osteosarcoma
			18.6.4.1 Surgical Intervention
			18.6.4.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			18.6.4.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
		18.6.5 Miscellaneous
			18.6.5.1 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
			18.6.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.6.5.3 Metastasis
			18.6.5.4 Cholesterol Granuloma
	18.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		18.7.1 Chordoma
		18.7.2 Chondrosarcoma
		18.7.3 Giant-Cell Tumor
		18.7.4 Osteosarcoma
		18.7.5 Miscellaneous
			18.7.5.1 Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma
			18.7.5.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
			18.7.5.3 Metastasis
			18.7.5.4 Cholesterol Granuloma
	18.8 Conclusion
	References
19 Brain Tumors Affecting the Orbit Globe and Orbit Tumors Affecting the Brain
	Abstract
	19.1 Background and Epidemiology
	19.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
	19.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	19.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	19.5 Clinical Manifestations
	19.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		19.6.1 Surgery of Orbital Lesions
			19.6.1.1 Lateral Orbitotomy
			19.6.1.2 Fronto-Orbito-Zygomatic Approach
		19.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		19.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	19.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	19.8 Orbital Lesions
		19.8.1 Vascular Lesions
			19.8.1.1 Cavernous Malformations
			19.8.1.2 Lymphangioma
			19.8.1.3 Hemangiopericytomas
			19.8.1.4 Capillary Hemangiomas and Orbital Arteriovenous Malformations
		19.8.2 Tumors Originating from Bone and Cartilaginous Structures
			19.8.2.1 Osteoma
			19.8.2.2 Fibrous Dysplasia
		19.8.3 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
		19.8.4 Tumors Originating from Nervous Structures and Their Covering
			19.8.4.1 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
			19.8.4.2 Optic Nerve Gliomas
			19.8.4.3 Meningiomas
		19.8.5 Miscellaneous Tumors
			19.8.5.1 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts
			19.8.5.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas
	19.9 Conclusion
	References
20 Lymphomas of Central Nervous System
	Abstract
	20.1 Background and Epidemiology
	20.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		20.2.1 Epigenetic Alterations in PCNSL
		20.2.2 Insertions and Deletions of Genetic Material
		20.2.3 Activated Pathway in PCNSLs
	20.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	20.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		20.4.1 CNS Lymphoma Features on CT Scan
		20.4.2 CNS Lymphoma Features on Conventional MR Imaging
		20.4.3 CNS Lymphoma Features on Advanced MR Imaging
		20.4.4 CNS Lymphoma Features on Nuclear Imaging
		20.4.5 Differential Diagnosis of CNS Lymphoma
	20.5 Clinical Manifestations
	20.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		20.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		20.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			20.6.2.1 Chemotherapy
			20.6.2.2 Steroid Therapy
			20.6.2.3 Radiotherapy
			20.6.2.4 Management in the Elderly
			20.6.2.5 Recurrence
		20.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	20.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	20.8 Conclusion
	References
21 Metastatic Lesions of the Brain and Spine
	Abstract
	21.1 Background and Epidemiology
	21.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		21.2.1 Metastatic Lung Cancer to the CNS
		21.2.2 Metastatic Breast Cancer to the CNS
		21.2.3 Metastatic Melanoma to the CNS
	21.3 Histopathology and Morphology
	21.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		21.4.1 Brain Metastasis
		21.4.2 Spinal Metastasis
	21.5 Clinical Manifestations
		21.5.1 Brain Metastases
		21.5.2 Spinal Metastases
	21.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		21.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		21.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
			21.6.2.1 Radiotherapy
			21.6.2.2 Chemotherapy
		21.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	21.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	21.8 Conclusion
	References
22 Malignant Spinal Tumors
	Abstract
	22.1 Background and Epidemiology
	22.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		22.2.1 Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma
		22.2.2 Anaplastic Ependymoma
		22.2.3 Embryonal Tumors
		22.2.4 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
	22.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		22.3.1 Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma
		22.3.2 Anaplastic Ependymoma
		22.3.3 Embryonal Tumors
		22.3.4 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs)
	22.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
	22.5 Clinical Manifestations
	22.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		22.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		22.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
		22.6.3 New Therapeutic Modalities
	22.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	22.8 Conclusion
	References
23 Benign Spinal Tumors
	Abstract
	23.1 Background and Epidemiology
	23.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		23.2.1 Intramedullary
			23.2.1.1 Low-Grade Astrocytoma
			23.2.1.2 Ependymoma
			23.2.1.3 Hemangioblastoma
			23.2.1.4 Ganglioglioma
		23.2.2 Intradural Extramedullary
			23.2.2.1 Neurofibroma
			23.2.2.2 Schwannoma
			23.2.2.3 Meningioma
	23.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		23.3.1 Intramedullary
			23.3.1.1 Low-Grade Astrocytoma
			23.3.1.2 Ependymoma
			23.3.1.3 Hemangioblastoma
			23.3.1.4 Ganglioglioma
		23.3.2 Intradural Extramedullary
			23.3.2.1 Neurofibroma
			23.3.2.2 Schwannoma
			23.3.2.3 Meningioma
			23.3.2.4 Lipoma
			23.3.2.5 Teratoma
	23.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		23.4.1 Intramedullary
			23.4.1.1 Low-Grade Astrocytoma
			23.4.1.2 Ependymoma
			23.4.1.3 Hemangioblastoma
			23.4.1.4 Ganglioglioma
		23.4.2 Intradural Extramedullary
			23.4.2.1 Neurofibroma
			23.4.2.2 Schwannoma
			23.4.2.3 Meningioma
			23.4.2.4 Lipoma
			23.4.2.5 Teratoma
	23.5 Clinical Manifestations
	23.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		23.6.1 Surgical Intervention
		23.6.2 Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
	23.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	23.8 Conclusion
	References
24 Other Less Prevalent Tumors of the Central Nervous System
	Abstract
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Neurenteric Cyst and Bronchogenic Cyst
		24.2.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.2.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.2.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.2.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.2.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.2.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.2.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.3 Lhermitte–Duclos Disease (Dysplastic Gangliocytoma—WHO Grade 1)
		24.3.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.3.2 Genetics, Immunology, Molecular Biology
		24.3.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.3.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.3.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.3.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.3.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.4 Gangliocytoma/Ganglioglioma
		24.4.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.4.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.4.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.4.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.4.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.4.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.4.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.5 Central Neurocytomas
		24.5.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.5.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.5.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.5.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.5.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.5.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.5.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.6 Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor (RGNT) of the CNS
		24.6.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.6.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology,
		24.6.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.6.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.6.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.6.6 Therapeutic Approaches
	24.7 Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas (PPGs)
		24.7.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.7.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.7.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.7.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.7.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.7.6 Diagnosis
		24.7.7 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.7.8 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.8 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)
		24.8.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.8.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.8.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.8.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.8.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.8.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.8.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.9 Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (EWS/pPNET)
		24.9.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.9.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.9.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.9.4 Imaging and Radiologic Feature
		24.9.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.9.6 Therapeutic Approaches
	24.10 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)—Histiocytosis X
		24.10.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.10.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.10.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.10.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.10.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.10.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.10.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.11 Solitary Fibrous Tumors (Known Before as Hemangiopericytomas)
		24.11.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.11.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.11.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.11.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.11.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.11.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.11.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.12 Olfactory Neuroblastoma/Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB)
		24.12.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.12.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.12.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.12.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.12.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.12.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.12.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.13 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT)
		24.13.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.13.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.13.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.13.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.13.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.13.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.13.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.14 Desmoplastic (Infantile) Astrocytoma/Ganglioglioma (DIA/DIG)
		24.14.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.14.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.14.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.14.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.14.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.14.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.14.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.15 Choroid Plexus Papilloma, Atypical Choroid, and Carcinoma of Plexus (CPPs)
		24.15.1 Background and Epidemiology
		24.15.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
		24.15.3 Histopathology and Morphology
		24.15.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
		24.15.5 Clinical Manifestations
		24.15.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		24.15.7 Follow-Up and Prognosis
	24.16 Conclusion
	References
25 Brain and/or Spinal Cord Tumors Accompanied with Other Diseases or Syndromes
	Abstract
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Cavernomas of Brain and Spinal Cord
		25.2.1 Cavernomatosis Cerebri (CC)
			25.2.1.1 Background and Epidemiology
			25.2.1.2 Genetics, Immunology, and Molecular Biology
			25.2.1.3 Histopathology and Morphology
			25.2.1.4 Imaging and Radiologic Features
			25.2.1.5 Clinical Manifestation
			25.2.1.6 Therapeutic Approaches
		25.2.2 Spinal Cord Cavernomas
		25.2.3 Cavernomatosis Cerebri
		25.2.4 Brain Cavernomas
		25.2.5 Brainstem Cavernomas
		25.2.6 Spinal Cord Cavernomas
		25.2.7 New Therapeutic Modalities for Cavernomas
		25.2.8 Follow-Up and Prognosis of Cavernomas
	25.3 Syndromes Associated with CNS Tumors
		25.3.1 Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
		25.3.2 Associated CNS Tumors with NF1
		25.3.3 Management and Follow-Up of Syndromic Patients with NF1
		25.3.4 Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)
			25.3.4.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of NF2
			25.3.4.2 Associated CNS Tumors with NF2
			25.3.4.3 Management and Follow-Up of Syndromic Patients with NF2
		25.3.5 Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC)
			25.3.5.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of TSC
			25.3.5.2 Associated CNS Tumors with TSC
			25.3.5.3 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with TSC
		25.3.6 Gorlin Syndrome (GS)
			25.3.6.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Gorlin Syndrome
			25.3.6.2 Associated CNS Tumors with Gorlin Syndrome
			25.3.6.3 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Gorlin Syndrome
		25.3.7 Turcot Syndrome (TS)
			25.3.7.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Turcot Syndrome
			25.3.7.2 Associated CNS Tumors with Turcot Syndrome
			25.3.7.3 Management and Follow-Up of Turcot Syndrome
		25.3.8 Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS)
			25.3.8.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
			25.3.8.2 Associated CNS Tumors with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
			25.3.8.3 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
		25.3.9 Cowden Syndrome (CS)
			25.3.9.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Cowden Syndrome
			25.3.9.2 Associated CNS Tumors with Cowden Syndrome
			25.3.9.3 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Cowden Syndrome
		25.3.10 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1)
			25.3.10.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of MEN1 Syndrome
			25.3.10.2 Associated CNS Tumors with MEN1 Syndrome
			25.3.10.3 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with MEN1 Syndrome
		25.3.11 Carney Complex Syndrome (CCS)
			25.3.11.1 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Carney Complex Syndrome
			25.3.11.2 Associated CNS Tumors with Carney Complex Syndrome
			25.3.11.3 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Carney Complex Syndrome
			25.3.11.4 McCune-Albright Syndrome
			25.3.11.5 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of McCune-Albright Syndrome
			25.3.11.6 Associated CNS Tumors with McCune-Albright Syndrome
			25.3.11.7 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with McCune-Albright Syndrome
			25.3.11.8 Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)
			25.3.11.9 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Von Hippel-Lindau
			25.3.11.10 Associated CNS Tumors with Von Hippel-Lindau
			25.3.11.11 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Von Hippel-Lindau
			25.3.11.12 Enchondromatosis: Ollier Disease and Maffucci Syndrome
			25.3.11.13 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Ollier Disease or Maffucci Syndrome
			25.3.11.14 Associated CNS Tumors with Ollier Disease or Maffucci Syndrome
			25.3.11.15 Management and Follow-Up of Syndromic Patients with Ollier Disease or Maffucci Syndrome
			25.3.11.16 Werner Syndrome (WS)
			25.3.11.17 Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of Werner Syndrome
			25.3.11.18 Associated CNS Tumors with Werner Syndrome
			25.3.11.19 Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Werner Syndrome
	25.4 Conclusion
	References
26 Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects of Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors
	Abstract
	26.1 Background and Epidemiology
		26.1.1 Tumor Effect
		26.1.2 Surgical Effect
		26.1.3 Adjuvant Therapy Effect
		26.1.4 Medical Therapy Effect
	26.2 Clinical Manifestations
		26.2.1 Frontal Lobe Lesions
		26.2.2 Parietal Lobe Lesions
		26.2.3 Temporal Lobe Lesions
		26.2.4 Occipital Lobe Lesions
		26.2.5 Cerebellar Lesions
		26.2.6 Spinal Cord Lesions
	26.3 Therapeutic Approaches for Cognitive Preservation
		26.3.1 Surgical Intervention
		26.3.2 New Therapeutic Modalities
		26.3.3 Medical Therapy
	26.4 Prognosis and Follow-Up
	26.5 Conclusion
	References
27 A Brief Explanation on Surgical Approaches for Treatment of Different Brain Tumors
	Abstract
	27.1 Basic Principles of Neurosurgical Approaches in Brain Tumors Surgery
		27.1.1 Introduction
		27.1.2 Principles of Neurosurgical Anesthesia
		27.1.3 Principles of Patient Positioning in Brain Tumor Surgery
		27.1.4 Principles of Preoperative Planning in Brain Tumor Surgery
	27.2 Neurosurgical Approaches and Brain Tumors Surgery
		27.2.1 Introduction
		27.2.2 Pterional (Fronto-Temporal) Approach
		27.2.3 Fronto-Orbito-Zygomatic Approach
		27.2.4 Lateral Supraorbital and Eyebrow Approaches
		27.2.5 Sub-frontal/Bifrontal Approach
		27.2.6 Sub-temporal Approach
		27.2.7 Interhemispheric—Transcallosal Approach
		27.2.8 Endoscopic Endonasal Approach
		27.2.9 Median Suboccipital Approach
			27.2.9.1 Infratentorial Supracerebellar Approach
			27.2.9.2 Occipital Interhemispheric Transtentorial Approach
			27.2.9.3 Retrosigmoid Approach
			27.2.9.4 Far Lateral Approaches and Variants
	27.3 Tools to Improve Intraoperative Visualization, Extent of Resection, and Postoperative Clinical Outcome
		27.3.1 Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring
		27.3.2 Neuronavigation
		27.3.3 Intraoperative Contrast-Enhanced Focused Ultrasound (CEUS)
		27.3.4 Intraoperative MRI and CT Imaging (i-MRI and i-CT)
		27.3.5 DTI and f-MRI Techniques
		27.3.6 Fluorescence-Guided Surgery
		27.3.7 Endoscopes and Exoscopes
	27.4 Conclusion
	References
Author Index
Subject Index