Human biology concepts and current issues

Cover page......Page 1
Brief contents......Page 2
Title page......Page 3
Copyright page......Page 4
About the author......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 20
Keep current in biology......Page 22
Engage with high interest essays......Page 23
Connect concepts and applications to everyday life......Page 24
Support for studentsany time, anywhere......Page 26
Chapter-specific changes......Page 28
Acknowledgments......Page 31
1 Human Biology, Science and Society......Page 33
 Current issue mandatory childhood vaccinations......Page 34
  1.1 The characteristics of life......Page 36
   Living things are grouped according to their characteristics......Page 38
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 39
   Human biology can be studied on any level of biological organization......Page 40
   The scientific method is a process for testing ideas......Page 42
   Health & wellness the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria......Page 43
   Designing and conducting the experiment......Page 44
   A well-tested hypothesis becomes a theory......Page 45
   Become a skeptic......Page 46
   Learn how to read graphs......Page 47
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 48
   Science has limits......Page 49
   The importance of making informed choices......Page 50
  Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 52
2 The Chemistry of Living Things......Page 53
 Current issue functional foods and dietary supplements—safe and effective?......Page 54
  Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 55
   Atoms are the smallest functional units of an element......Page 56
   Isotopes have a different number of neutrons......Page 57
   Energy fuels life’s activities......Page 58
   Chemical bonds link atoms to form molecules......Page 59
   Water is the biological solvent......Page 61
   Water helps regulate body temperature......Page 62
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 63
   Buffers minimize changes in pH......Page 64
   Macromolecules are synthesized and broken down within the cell......Page 65
   Polysaccharides store energy......Page 67
   Phospholipids are the primary component of cell membranes......Page 68
   Health & wellness radon: a known cancer risk......Page 69
  2.8 Proteins: complex structures constructed of amino acids......Page 70
   Protein function depends on structure......Page 72
   Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions......Page 73
  2.9 Nucleic acids store genetic information......Page 74
  2.10 ATP carries energy......Page 75
  Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 78
3 Structure and Function of Cells......Page 79
 Current issue the use of human stem cells......Page 80
  3.1 Cells are classified according to their internal organization......Page 81
  3.2 Cell structure reflects cell function......Page 82
   Visualizing cells with microscopes......Page 83
   The nucleus controls the cell......Page 84
   The golgi apparatus refines, packages, and ships......Page 86
   Vesicles: membrane-bound storage and shipping containers......Page 87
   Fat and glycogen: sources of energy......Page 88
   Cilia and flagella are specialized for movement......Page 89
   The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer......Page 90
   Passive transport: principles of diffusion and osmosis......Page 91
   Passive transport moves with the concentration gradient......Page 93
   Endocytosis and exocytosis move materials in bulk......Page 94
   The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain cell volume......Page 95
   Health & wellness do antioxidant supplements slow the rate of cellular aging?......Page 96
  3.7 Cells use and transform matter and energy......Page 98
   Glycolysis: glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules......Page 99
   Cellular respiration uses oxygen......Page 101
   Fats and proteins are additional energy sources......Page 105
   Anaerobic pathways make energy available without oxygen......Page 106
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 108
4 From Cells to Organ Systems......Page 109
 Current issue reshaping your body......Page 110
  4.2 Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and cavities......Page 111
   Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape......Page 112
   The basement membrane provides structural support......Page 113
   Fibrous connective tissues provide strength and elasticity......Page 114
   Specialized connective tissues serve special functions......Page 116
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 117
   Cardiac muscle cells activate each other......Page 118
   The human body is organized by organ systems......Page 119
   Describing body position or direction......Page 122
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 123
   Skin consists of epidermis and dermis......Page 124
   Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback......Page 126
   Negative feedback helps maintain core body temperature......Page 127
   Positive feedback amplifies events......Page 128
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 130
5 The Skeletal System......Page 131
 Current issue a black market in human bones?......Page 132
   Bones are the hard elements of the skeleton......Page 133
   Bone contains living cells......Page 134
  5.2 Bones develop from cartilage......Page 135
   Bones can change in shape, size, and strength......Page 136
   Bone cells are regulated by hormones......Page 137
  5.4 Bones fit together to form the skeleton......Page 138
   The axial skeleton forms the midline of the body......Page 139
   The appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs......Page 142
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 144
   Health & wellness treating a sprained ankle......Page 145
   Ligaments, tendons, and muscles strengthen and stabilize joints......Page 146
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 147
   Arthritis is inflammation of joints......Page 148
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 150
6 The Muscular System......Page 151
 Current issue drug abuse among athletes......Page 152
  6.1 Muscles produce movement or generate tension......Page 154
   Skeletal muscles cause bones to move......Page 155
   A muscle is composed of many muscle cells......Page 156
   The contractile unit is a sarcomere......Page 157
   Nerves activate skeletal muscles......Page 158
   Calcium initiates the sliding filament mechanism......Page 159
   Muscles require energy to contract and to relax......Page 160
   Producing and storing energy within muscle......Page 161
   Isotonic versus isometric contractions: movement versus static position......Page 162
   The degree of nerve activation influences force......Page 163
   Slow-twitch versus fast-twitch fibers: endurance versus strength......Page 164
   Exercise training improves muscle mass, strength, and endurance......Page 165
   How cardiac and smooth muscles are activated......Page 166
   Arrangement of myosin and actin filaments......Page 167
   Fasciitis......Page 168
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 170
7 Blood......Page 171
 Current issue should you bank your baby’s cord blood?......Page 172
   Plasma consists of water and dissolved solutes......Page 174
   Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide......Page 175
   Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying capacity......Page 176
   Rbcs have a short life span......Page 177
   White blood cells defend the body......Page 178
   Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow......Page 180
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 181
   Abo blood typing is based on a and b antigens......Page 182
   Rh blood typing is based on rh factor......Page 183
   Blood typing and cross-matching ensure blood compatibility......Page 184
  7.4 Blood substitutes......Page 185
   Mononucleosis: contagious viral infection of lymphocytes......Page 186
   Leukemia: uncontrolled production of white blood cells......Page 187
   Thrombocytopenia: reduction in platelet number......Page 188
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 190
8 Heart and Blood Vessels......Page 191
 Current issue how should comparative effec- tiveness research be used?......Page 192
  8.1 Blood vessels transport blood......Page 193
   Arteries transport blood away from the heart......Page 194
   Arterioles and precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow......Page 195
   Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances with tissues......Page 196
   Veins return blood to the heart......Page 197
   The heart is mostly muscle......Page 198
   The heart has four chambers and four valves......Page 199
   The pattern of blood flow through the cardiovascular system......Page 200
   Arteries and veins of the human body......Page 201
   The cardiac cycle: the heart contracts and relaxes......Page 202
   The cardiac conduction system coordinates contraction......Page 204
   Electrocardiogram records the heart’s electrical activity......Page 205
   Measuring blood pressure......Page 206
   Hypertension: high blood pressure can be dangerous......Page 207
   Health & wellness cholesterol and atherosclerosis......Page 208
  8.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated......Page 209
   Local requirements dictate local blood flows......Page 210
  8.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue......Page 211
   Heart attack: permanent damage to heart tissue......Page 212
   Stroke: damage to blood vessels in the brain......Page 213
  8.6 Replacing a failing heart......Page 214
  8.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease......Page 215
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 218
9 The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense......Page 219
 Current issue an outbreak of ebola......Page 220
   Bacteria: single-celled living organisms......Page 222
   Prions: infectious proteins......Page 223
   Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph......Page 224
   Tonsils protect the throat......Page 226
   Impeding pathogen entry in areas not covered by skin......Page 227
   The complement system assists other defense mechanisms......Page 228
   Phagocytes engulf foreign cells......Page 229
   Inflammation: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain......Page 230
  9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line of defense......Page 231
   B cells: antibody-mediated immunity......Page 232
   T cells: cell-mediated immunity......Page 234
  9.6 Immune memory creates immunity......Page 237
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 238
   Monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-created for commercial use......Page 239
  9.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes health problems......Page 241
   Allergies: a hypersensitive immune system......Page 242
   Autoimmune disorders: defective recognition of self......Page 243
   Hiv targets helper t cells of the immune system......Page 244
   Aids develops slowly......Page 245
   Making sex safer......Page 246
   New treatments offer hope......Page 247
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 250
10 The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases......Page 251
 Current issue the fight over regulation of e-cigarettes......Page 252
  10.1 Respiration takes place throughout the body......Page 253
  10.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts......Page 254
   The lower respiratory tract exchanges gases......Page 255
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 258
   Inspiration brings in air, expiration expels it......Page 260
   Lung volumes and vital capacity measure lung function......Page 261
   External respiration: the exchange of gases between air and blood......Page 262
   Hemoglobin transports most oxygen molecules......Page 264
  10.5 The nervous system regulates breathing......Page 265
   A respiratory center establishes rhythm of breathing......Page 266
   Reduced air flow or gas exchange impedes respiratory function......Page 267
   Microorganisms can cause respiratory disorders......Page 268
   Health & wellness carbon monoxide: an invisible, odorless killer......Page 269
   Congestive heart failure impairs lung function......Page 270
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 274
11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control......Page 275
 Current issue head trauma in young athletes......Page 276
 11.1 The nervous system has two principal parts......Page 277
 11.2 Neurons are the communication cells of the nervous system......Page 278
 11.3 Neurons initiate action potentials......Page 279
  Graded potentials can initiate an action potential......Page 280
  Action potentials are all-or-none and self-propagating......Page 282
 11.4 Neuroglial cells support and protect neurons......Page 283
  Neurotransmitter is released......Page 284
  Neurotransmitters exert excitatory or inhibitory effects......Page 285
  Nerves carry signals to and from the cns......Page 286
  The somatic division controls skeletal muscles......Page 287
  The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions oppose each other......Page 288
  Bone, meninges, and the blood-brain barrier protect the cns......Page 291
  The spinal cord relays information......Page 292
  The hindbrain: movement and automatic functions......Page 293
  The forebrain: emotions and conscious thought......Page 294
 11.10 Psychoactive drugs affect higher brain functions......Page 297
  Trauma......Page 298
  Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 299
  Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission......Page 300
  Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 305
12 Sensory Mechanisms......Page 306
 Current issue dwd: driving while distracted......Page 307
   Receptors are classified according to stimulus......Page 308
   Some receptors adapt to continuing stimuli......Page 309
   The skin contains a variety of sensory receptors......Page 310
   Mechanoreceptors indicate limb position, muscle length, and tension......Page 311
   Pain receptors signal discomfort......Page 312
   Taste: chemoreceptors bind with dissolved substances......Page 313
   Smell: chemoreceptors bind with odorants......Page 314
  12.4 Hearing: mechanoreceptors detect sound waves......Page 315
   The middle ear amplifies sound......Page 316
   The inner ear sorts and converts sounds......Page 317
   Sensing rotational movement......Page 318
   Sensing head position and acceleration......Page 319
   Structure of the eye......Page 320
   Regulating the amount of light and focusing the image......Page 321
   Eyeball shape affects focus......Page 322
   Rods and cones respond to light......Page 323
   Cones provide color vision and accurate images......Page 324
  12.7 Disorders of sensory mechanisms......Page 325
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 329
13 The Endocrine System......Page 330
 Current issue endocrine disruptors in the environment......Page 331
  13.1 The endocrine system produces hormones......Page 332
  13.2 Hormones are classified as steroid or nonsteroid......Page 334
   Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on target cell membranes......Page 335
  13.3 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland......Page 336
   The posterior pituitary stores adh and oxytocin......Page 337
   The anterior pituitary produces six key hormones......Page 339
   Pituitary disorders: hypersecretion or hyposecretion......Page 340
  13.4 The pancreas secretes glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin......Page 341
   The adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine......Page 342
   The thyroid gland: thyroxine speeds cellular metabolism......Page 343
   Parathyroid hormone (pth) controls blood calcium levels......Page 345
   The pineal gland secretes melatonin......Page 346
   Endocrine functions of the heart, the digestive system, and the kidneys......Page 347
   Growth factors regulate tissue growth......Page 348
   Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland......Page 349
   Cushing’s syndrome: too much cortisol......Page 350
   Hypogonadism: too little testosterone......Page 351
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 353
14 The Digestive System and Nutrition......Page 354
 Current issue choosing organic versus conventional foods......Page 355
  Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 356
  14.1 The digestive system brings nutrients into the body......Page 357
   Five basic processes accomplish digestive system function......Page 358
  14.2 The mouth processes food for swallowing......Page 359
   Saliva begins the process of digestion......Page 360
  14.3 The pharynx and esophagus deliver food to the stomach......Page 361
   Gastric juice breaks down proteins......Page 362
   Stomach contractions mix food and push it forward......Page 363
  14.5 the small intestine digests food and absorbs nutrients and water......Page 364
   The liver produces bile and performs many other functions......Page 365
   The gallbladder stores bile until needed......Page 366
   Proteins and carbohydrates are digested, then absorbed......Page 367
   Water is absorbed by osmosis......Page 368
   Vitamins and minerals follow a variety of paths......Page 369
   Choosemyplate.gov offers a personalized approach......Page 370
   Lipids: essential cell components and energy sources......Page 371
   Complete proteins contain every amino acid......Page 372
   Vitamins are essential for normal function......Page 373
   Minerals: elements essential for body processes......Page 374
  14.11 Food labels......Page 375
   Healthy weight improves overall health obesity......Page 376
  14.13 Eating disorders......Page 377
   Disorders of the gi tract......Page 378
   Disorders of the accessory organs......Page 379
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 382
15 The Urinary System......Page 383
 Current issue a shortage of kidneys......Page 384
  15.1 The urinary system regulates body fluids......Page 385
  15.2 Organs of the urinary system......Page 386
   Urinary bladder stores urine......Page 387
  15.3 The internal structure of a kidney......Page 388
   Special blood vessels supply the tubule......Page 389
  15.4 Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion......Page 390
   Glomerular filtration filters fluid from capillaries......Page 391
   Tubular reabsorption returns filtered water and solutes to blood......Page 392
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 393
   Producing dilute urine: excreting excess water......Page 394
  15.7 The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in many ways......Page 395
   Aldosterone regulates salt balance......Page 396
   The renin-angiotensin system controls blood volume and blood pressure......Page 397
   Kidneys help maintain acid-base balance and blood ph......Page 398
   Kidney stones can block urine flow......Page 399
   Acute and chronic renal failure impair kidney function......Page 400
   Kidney transplants are a permanent solution to renal failure......Page 401
   Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control......Page 402
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 404
16 Reproductive Systems......Page 405
 Current issue would you like a boy or a girl?......Page 406
   Testes produce sperm......Page 407
   Accessory glands help sperm survive......Page 408
   Sperm production requires several cell divisions......Page 409
   Testosterone affects male reproductive capacity......Page 410
   The uterus nurtures the developing embryo......Page 411
   Mammary glands nourish the infant......Page 412
   The ovarian cycle: oocytes mature and are released......Page 413
   Cyclic changes in hormone levels produce the menstrual cycle......Page 414
   Fertilization: one sperm penetrates the egg......Page 416
   Surgical sterilization: vasectomy and tubal ligation......Page 417
   Iuds are inserted into the uterus......Page 418
   Condoms trap ejaculated sperm......Page 419
   The future in birth control......Page 420
   Infertility can have many causes......Page 421
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 422
   Bacterial stds: syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia......Page 423
   Viral stds: hiv, hepatitis b, hpv, and genital herpes......Page 425
   Health & wellness have you had your gardasil?......Page 426
   Other stds: yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and pubic lice......Page 427
   Protecting yourself against stds......Page 428
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 430
17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation......Page 431
 Current issue therapeutic cloning......Page 432
  17.1 The cell cycle creates new cells......Page 433
  17.2 DNA structure and function: an overview......Page 434
   Mutations are alterations in dna......Page 435
   Transcription: converting a gene’s code into mrna......Page 436
   Translation: making a protein from rna......Page 437
   Mitosis: daughter cells are identical to the parent cell......Page 439
   Mitosis produces cells identical to the parent cell......Page 440
   Meiosis prepares cells for sexual reproduction......Page 441
   Sex differences in meiosis: four sperm versus one egg......Page 442
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 443
   Differentiation during early development......Page 444
  17.6 Reproductive cloning requires an undifferentiated cell......Page 445
   Somatic cell nuclear transfer produces a clone of an adult......Page 446
  17.7 Therapeutic cloning: creating tissues and organs......Page 447
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 450
18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation......Page 451
 Current issue preventive double mastectomy to reduce breast cancer risk......Page 452
  18.1 Tumors can be benign or cancerous......Page 453
  18.2 Cancer cells undergo structural and functional changes......Page 454
   Cancer stages......Page 455
   Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancer......Page 456
   A variety of factors can lead to cancer......Page 457
   The immune system plays an important role in cancer prevention......Page 459
  18.4 Advances in diagnosis enable early detection......Page 460
   Tumor imaging: x-rays, pet, and mri......Page 461
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 462
   “starving” cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis......Page 463
   Lung cancer: smoking is leading risk factor......Page 464
   Pancreatic cancer: rarely detected early enough......Page 465
   Health & wellness what if you could save someone’s life?......Page 466
   Esophageal cancer: a high ratio of deaths to cases......Page 467
   Skin cancer......Page 468
  18.8 Most cancers could be prevented......Page 469
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 472
19 Genetics and Inheritance......Page 473
 Current issue should you have genetic tests for disease risks?......Page 474
  19.1 Your genotype is the genetic basis of your phenotype......Page 475
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 476
   Mendel established the basic principles of genetics......Page 477
   Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles......Page 478
   Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for different traits......Page 480
   Codominance: both gene products are equally expressed......Page 482
   Polygenic inheritance: phenotype is influenced by many genes......Page 484
   Both genotype and the environment affect phenotype......Page 485
   Sex-linked inheritance depends on genes located on sex chromosomes......Page 486
   Sex-influenced traits are affected by actions of sex genes......Page 487
   Down syndrome: three copies of chromosome 21......Page 488
   Alterations of the number of sex chromosomes......Page 489
   Tay-sachs disease leads to brain dysfunction......Page 490
  19.8 Genes code for proteins, not for specific behaviors......Page 491
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 494
20 DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering......Page 495
 Current issue genetically modified plants......Page 496
  20.1 DNA sequencing reveals the structure of dna......Page 498
   Recombinant dna technology: isolating and cloning genes......Page 499
   Health & wellness dna-based vaccines against viruses......Page 501
   Identifying the source of dna: dna fingerprinting......Page 502
   Transgenic bacteria have many uses......Page 503
   Transgenic plants: more vitamins and better pest resistance......Page 504
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 505
  20.4 Gene therapy: the hope of the future?......Page 506
   Vectors transfer genes into human cells......Page 507
   Research targets cystic fibrosis and cancer......Page 508
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 510
21 Development, Maturation, Aging and Death......Page 511
 Current issue death with dignity (brittany maynard’s journey)......Page 512
   The journeys of egg and sperm......Page 513
   One sperm fertilizes the egg......Page 514
   Twins may be fraternal or identical......Page 515
  21.3 Pre-embryonic development: the first two weeks......Page 516
   Tissues and organs derive from three germ layers......Page 517
   The placenta and umbilical cord......Page 518
   The embryo develops rapidly......Page 520
  21.5 Gender development......Page 521
  21.7 Birth and the early postnatal period......Page 522
   Labor ends in delivery......Page 523
   The transition from fetus to newborn......Page 524
   Infancy: rapid development and maturation of organ systems......Page 526
   Adolescence: the transition to adulthood......Page 527
  21.9 Aging......Page 528
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 529
   Body systems age at different rates......Page 530
   Aging well......Page 531
  21.10 Death......Page 532
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 534
22 Evolution and the Origins of Life......Page 535
 Current issue who were the flores people?......Page 536
   The fossil record: incomplete but valuable......Page 538
   Comparative anatomy and embryology provide more evidence......Page 539
   Comparative biochemistry examines similarities between molecules......Page 540
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 541
   Genetic drift and gene flow alter populations......Page 542
   Evolutionary trees trace relationships between species......Page 543
   The first living cells were anaerobic......Page 544
   The rise of animals and our human ancestors......Page 545
   Humans are primates......Page 546
   Evolution of homo sapiens......Page 548
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 549
   Differences within the human species......Page 550
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 552
23 Ecosystems and Populations......Page 553
 Current issue overharvesting is depleting the oceans’ wildlife populations......Page 554
   Where a species lives: habitat and range......Page 556
   Environmental resistance limits biotic potential......Page 557
   Succession leads toward a mature community......Page 558
   Ecosystems: communities and their physical environment......Page 559
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 560
   A food web: interactions among producers and consumers......Page 561
   Human activities disrupt ecological pyramids......Page 563
   The water cycle is essential to other biogeochemical cycles......Page 564
   The carbon cycle: organisms exchange co with the atmosphere......Page 565
   Phosphorus: a sedimentary cycle......Page 566
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 567
   Zero population growth has not yet been achieved......Page 568
   Population age structure is linked to economic development......Page 569
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 570
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 572
24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity and Environmental Issues......Page 573
 Current issue global warming and global climate change......Page 574
   Excessive greenhouse gases are causing global warming......Page 576
   Pollutants produce acid rain......Page 577
   Water is scarce and unequally distributed......Page 578
   Human activities pollute freshwater......Page 579
   Groundwater pollution may impair human health......Page 580
  24.3 Pollution and overuse damage the land......Page 581
  24.4 Energy: many options, many choices......Page 582
   Humans alter and destroy habitats......Page 584
   Measuring sustainability and quality of life......Page 585
   Strategies to support sustainable development......Page 586
   Mj’s bloginfocus......Page 589
Glossary......Page 591
Answers......Page 611
Credits......Page 621
Index......Page 623