Human anatomy

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Guided Tour
Preface
Brief Contents
CONTENTS (with direct page links)
1. The Human Body: An Orientation
	An Overview of Anatomy
		Subdisciplines of Anatomy
		The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
		Scale: Length, Volume, and Weight
		Anatomical Terminology
	Gross Anatomy: An Introduction
		Regional and Directional Terms
		Body Planes and Sections
		The Human Body Plan
		Body Cavities and Membranes
		Abdominal Quadrants
		Anatomical Variability
	Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction
		Light and Electron Microscopy
		Scanning Electron Microscopy
		Artifacts
	Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
		X-Ray Imaging
		Advanced X-Ray Techniques
	Positron Emission Tomography
	Sonography
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	Focus on Levels of Structural Organization
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
2. Cells: The Living Units
	Overview of Cells
	The Plasma Membrane
		Structure
		Functions
		Membrane Transport
	The Cytoplasm
		Cytosol
		Cytoplasmic Organelles
		Cytoplasmic Inclusions
	The Nucleus
		Nuclear Envelope
		Nucleolus
		Chromatin and Chromosomes
	The Cell Life Cycle
		Interphase
		Cell Division
	Developmental Aspects of Cells
		Cell Differentiation
		Aging
		Focus on Mitosis
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
3. Basic Embryology
	Stages of Prenatal Development
	The Basic Body Plan
	The Embryonic Period
		Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst
		Week 2: The Two-Layered Embryo
		Week 3: The Three-Layered Embryo
		Week 4: The Body Takes Shape
		Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development
	The Fetal Period
		Focus on Birth Defects
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
4. Tissues
	I. Epithelial Tissue
		Special Characteristics of Epithelia
		Classification of Epithelia
		Glands
		Epithelial Surface Features
	II. Connective Tissue
		Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues
		Structural Elements of Connective Tissues
		Classification of Connective Tissues
		Covering and Lining Membranes
	III. Muscle Tissue
	IV. Nervous Tissue
	Tissue Response to Injury
		Inflammation
		Repair
	The Tissues Throughout Life
		Focus on Identifying Epithelial and Connective Tissues
		Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
5. The Integumentary System
	The Skin and the Hypodermis
		Epidermis
		Dermis
		Hypodermis
		Skin Color
	Appendages of the Skin
		Nails
		Hair and Hair Follicles
		Sebaceous Glands
		Sweat Glands
	Disorders of the Integumentary System
		Burns
		Skin Cancer
	The Skin Throughout Life
		Tattoos
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues
	Cartilages
		Location and Basic Structure
		Types of Cartilage
		Growth of Cartilage
	Bones
		Functions of Bones
		Bone Tissue
		Gross Anatomy of Bones
		Microscopic Structure of Bone
		Bone Development and Growth
		Bone Remodeling
		Repair of Bone Fractures
	Disorders of Bones
		Osteoporosis
		Osteomalacia and Rickets
		Osteosarcoma
	The Skeleton Throughout Life
	The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
7. Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton
	The Skull
		Overview of Skull Geography
		Cranial Bones
		Facial Bones
		Special Parts of the Skull
	The Vertebral Column
		Regions and Normal Curvatures
		Ligaments of the Spine
		Intervertebral Discs
		General Structure of Vertebrae
		Regional Vertebral Characteristics
	The Thoracic Cage
		Sternum
		Ribs
	Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
		Cleft Palate
		Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine
		Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
	The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
8. Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton
	The Pectoral Girdle
		Clavicles
		Scapulae
	The Upper Limb
		Arm
		Forearm
		Hand
	The Pelvic Girdle
		Ilium
		Ischium
		Pubis
		Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
	The Lower Limb
		Thigh
		Leg
		Foot
	Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
	The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
9. Joints
	Classification of Joints
	Fibrous Joints
		Sutures
		Syndesmoses
		Gomphoses
	Cartilaginous Joints
		Synchondroses
		Symphyses
	Synovial Joints
		General Structure of Synovial Joints
		Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
		Types of Synovial Joints
		Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints
	Selected Synovial Joints
		Temporomandibular Joint
		Sternoclavicular Joint
		Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
		Elbow Joint
		Wrist Joint
		Hip Joint
		Knee Joint
		Ankle Joint
	Disorders of Joints
		Joint Injuries
		Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
	The Joints Throughout Life
		Focus on Synovial Joints
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
10. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
	Overview of Muscle Tissue
		Properties of Muscle Tissue
		Functions of Muscle Tissue
		Types of Muscle Tissue
	Skeletal Muscle
		Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
		Microscopic and Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
	Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
		Muscular Dystrophy
		Myofascial Pain Syndrome
		Fibromyalgia
	Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life
	Anabolic Steroid Abuse
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
11. Muscles of the Body
	Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
	Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
	Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development
	Muscle Actions and Interactions
	Naming the Skeletal Muscles
	Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body
		Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
		The Muscle Tables
	Regional Surface Anatomy
		The Head
		The Neck
		The Thorax
		The Abdomen
		The Back
		The Upper Limb and Shoulder
		The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region
		Focus on Muscle Action
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
12. Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
	The Functional Organization of the Nervous System
		Functions of the Nervous System
		Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
	Nervous Tissue
		The Neuron
		Neuroglia
	Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview
		Gray and White Matter of the CNS
		Nerves
	Neuronal Integration
		Reflex Arcs
		Neuronal Circuits
		Integration Between the PNS and CNS
	Disorders of Nervous Tissue
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Neuronal Regeneration
	Nervous Tissue Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue
		Focus on Neuronal Pathways
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
13. The Central Nervous System
	The Brain
		Embryonic Development of the Brain
		Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain
		Ventricles of the Brain
		The Brain Stem
		The Cerebellum
		The Diencephalon
		The Cerebrum
		Functional Brain Systems
		Protection of the Brain
	The Spinal Cord
		White Matter of the Spinal Cord
		Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
		Protection of the Spinal Cord
	Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System
		Ascending Pathways
		Descending Pathways
	Disorders of the Central Nervous System
		Spinal Cord Damage
		Brain Dysfunction
	The Central Nervous System Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions
		Postnatal Changes in the Brain
		Traumatic Brain Injury
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
14. The Peripheral Nervous System
	Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System
	Peripheral Sensory Receptors
		Functional Classification
		Structural Classification
	Cranial Nerves
		I. The Olfactory Nerves
		II. The Optic Nerves
		III. The Oculomotor Nerves
		IV. The Trochlear Nerves
		V. The Trigeminal Nerves
		VI. The Abducens Nerves
		VII. The Facial Nerves
		VIII. The Vestibulocochlear Nerves
		IX. The Glossopharyngeal Nerves
		X. The Vagus Nerves
		XI. The Accessory Nerves
		XII. The Hypoglossal Nerves
	Spinal Nerves
		Innervation of the Back
		Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall
		Nerve Plexuses
		Innervation of Joints of the Body
		Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes
	Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
		Shingles
		Migraines
		Peripheral Neuropathy
	The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life
		Focus on Innervation of the Upper Limb
		Focus on Innervation of the Lower Limb
		Postpolio Syndrome: The Plight of Some ”Recovered” Polio Victims
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
15. The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons
	Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
		Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
	The Parasympathetic Division
		Cranial Outflow
		Sacral Outflow
	The Sympathetic Division
		Basic Organization
		Sympathetic Pathways
		The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
	Visceral Sensory Neurons
	Visceral Reflexes
	Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
		Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdaloid Body
		Control by the Cerebral Cortex
	Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
	The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life
		Focus on Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
16. The Special Senses
	The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
		Taste (Gustation)
		Smell (Olfaction)
		Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses
		Disorders of the Chemical Senses
	The Eye and Vision
		Accessory Structures of the Eye
		Anatomy of the Eyeball
		The Eye as an Optical Device
		Visual Pathways
		Embryonic Development of the Eye
		Disorders of the Eye and Vision
	The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
		The External Ear
		The Middle Ear
		The Internal Ear
		Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways
		Embryonic Development of the Ear
		Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing
	The Special Senses Throughout Life
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
17. The Endocrine System
	Overview
		Endocrine Organs
		Hormones
	The Major Endocrine Organs
		The Pituitary Gland
		The Thyroid Gland
		The Parathyroid Glands
		The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
		The Pineal Gland
		The Pancreas
		The Thymus
		The Gonads
	Other Endocrine Structures
	Disorders of the Endocrine System
		Pituitary Disorders
		A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
		Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
		Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
	The Endocrine System Throughout Life
		Focus on Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
18. Blood
	Composition of Blood
		Blood Plasma
		Formed Elements
	Blood Cell Formation
		Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
		Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
	Disorders of the Blood
		Disorders of Erythrocytes
		Disorders of Leukocytes
		Disorders of Platelets
	The Blood Throughout Life
		Transplants of Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
19. The Heart
	Location and Orientation Within the Thorax
	Structure of the Heart
		Coverings
		Layers of the Heart Wall
		Heart Chambers
	Heart Valves
		Valve Structure
		Valve Function
		Heart Sounds
	Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
	Cardiac Muscle Tissue
		Structure of Cardiac Muscle
		Mechanism of Contraction
	Conducting System and Innervation
		Conducting System
		Innervation
	Blood Supply to the Heart
		Coronary Arteries
		Cardiac Veins
	Disorders of the Heart
		Coronary Artery Disease
		Heart Failure
		Disorders of the Conduction System
	The Heart Throughout Life
		Development of the Heart
		The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
		Focus on Blood Flow Through the Heart
		Coronary Artery Disease
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
20. Blood Vessels
	Part 1: General Characteristics of Blood Vessels
	Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
	Types of Blood Vessels
		Arteries
		Capillaries
		Venous Vessels
	Vascular Anastomoses
	Part 2: Blood Vessels of the Body
	The Pulmonary Circulation
	The Systemic Circulation
		Systemic Arteries
		Systemic Veins
	Disorders of the Blood Vessels
	Blood Vessels Throughout Life
		Fetal Circulation
		Blood Vessels in Adulthood
		Focus on Fetal and Newborn Circulation
		Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Dra ¯no
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
21. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
	The Lymphatic System
		Lymphatic Capillaries
		Collecting Lymphatic Vessels
		Lymph Nodes
		Lymph Trunks
		Lymph Ducts
	The Immune System
		Lymphocytes
		Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation
		Lymphoid Tissue
		Lymphoid Organs
	Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
	The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life
		AIDS: The Modern-Day Plague?
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
22. The Respiratory System
	Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
		The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses
		The Pharynx
		The Larynx
		The Trachea
		The Bronchial Tree
		The Lungs and Pleurae
	Ventilation
		The Mechanism of Ventilation
		Neural Control of Ventilation
	Disorders of the Respiratory System
		Bronchial Asthma
		Cystic Fibrosis
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	The Respiratory System Throughout Life
		Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
23. The Digestive System
	Overview
		Abdominal Regions
		The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum
		Digestive Processes
	Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
		Histology
		Smooth Muscle
		The Mouth and Associated Organs
		The Pharynx
		The Esophagus
		The Stomach
		The Small Intestine
		The Large Intestine
	Anatomy of the Accessory Organs
		The Liver
		The Gallbladder
		The Pancreas
	Disorders of the Digestive System
		Peptic Ulcers
		Intestinal Obstruction
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Viral Hepatitis
		Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas
	The Digestive System Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development
		The Digestive System in Later Life
		Focus on the Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs
		Focus on Digestive Processes and the Histology of the Alimentary Canal
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
24. The Urinary System
	Kidneys
		Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
		Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
	Ureters
		Gross Anatomy
		Microscopic Anatomy
	Urinary Bladder
		Gross Anatomy
		Microscopic Anatomy
	Urethra
	Micturition
	Disorders of the Urinary System
		Urinary Tract Infections
		Renal Calculi
		Cancer of Urinary Organs
	The Urinary System Throughout Life
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
25. The Reproductive System
	The Male Reproductive System
		The Testes
		Male Reproductive Ducts
		Accessory Glands
		The Penis
		The Male Perineum
		Spermatogenesis
	The Female Reproductive System
		The Ovaries
		The Uterine Tubes
		The Uterus
		Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle
		The Vagina
		The External Genitalia and Female Perineum
		The Mammary Glands
	Pregnancy and Childbirth
		Pregnancy
		Childbirth
	Disorders of the Reproductive System
		Reproductive System Cancers in Males
		Reproductive System Cancers in Females
	The Reproductive System Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs
		Descent of the Gonads
		Puberty
		Menopause
		Contraception: To Be or Not To Be
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
APPENDICES
	A: The Metric System
	B: Answers to Check Your Understanding, Multiple Choice, and Matching Questions
		01
		02
		03
		04
		05 - 06 - 07
		08
		09 - 10 - 11
		12 - 13
		14 - 15
		16 - 17
		18
		19
		20 - 21
		22
		23 - 24
		25
Glossary
	Pronunciation Key
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J - K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W - Y - Z
Photo and Illustration Credits
INDEX (with direct page links)
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J - K - L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q - R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W - X - Y - Z
Word Roots: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms
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