Human Anatomy

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
To the Student: How to Use This Book
To the Student: How to Use MasteringA&P™
Preface
Supplements for the Instructor
Supplements for the Student
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 The Human Body: An Orientation
	An Overview of Anatomy
		Branches of Anatomy
		Anatomical Terminology
		The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
		Scale: Length, Volume, and Weight
	Gross Anatomy: An Introduction
		Regional and Directional Terms
		Body Planes and Sections
		Anatomical Variability
		The Human Body Plan
		Body Cavities and Membranes
		Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
	Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction
		Light and Electron Microscopy
		Scanning Electron Microscopy
		Artifacts
	Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
		X-Ray Imaging
		Advanced X-Ray Techniques
		Positron Emission Tomography
		Sonography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
2 Cells: The Living Units
	Overview of Cells
	The Plasma Membrane
		Structure
		Functions
		Membrane Transport
	The Cytoplasm
		Cytosol
		Cytoplasmic Organelles
		Cytoplasmic Inclusions
	The Nucleus
		Nuclear Envelope
		Nucleolus
		Chromatin and Chromosomes
	The Cell Life Cycle
		Interphase
		Cell Division
	Developmental Aspects of Cells
		Cell Differentiation
	FOCUS FIGURE: Focus on Mitosis
	Aging
	CLINICAL APPLICATION
	Hypercholesterolemia
		Tay-Sachs Disease
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
3 Basic Embryology
	Stages of Prenatal Development
	The Basic Body Plan
	The Embryonic Period
		Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst
		Week 2: The Two-Layered Embryo
		Week 3: The Three-Layered Embryo
		Week 4: The Body Takes Shape
		Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development
	The Fetal Period
	A CLOSER LOOK: Focus on Birth Defects
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Neural Tube Defects
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
4 Tissues
	I. Epithelia
		Special Characteristics of Epithelia
		Classification of Epithelia
		Glands
		Epithelial Surface Features
	II. Connective Tissue
		Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues
		Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
		Classification of Connective Tissues
		Covering and Lining Membranes
	III. Muscle Tissue
	IV. Nervous Tissue
	Tissue Response to Injury
		Inflammation
		Repair
	The Tissues Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK: Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
	Basement Membranes and Diabeetes
	Kartagener's Syndrome
	Scurvy
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
5 The Integumentary System
	The Skin and the Hypodermis
		Epidermis
		Dermis
		Hypodermis
		Skin Color
	Appendages of the Skin
		Nails
		Hair and Hair Follicles
		Sebaceous Glands
		Sweat Glands
	Disorders of the Integumentary System
		Burns
		Skin Cancer
	The Skin Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK: Tattoos
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
	Skin's response to friction
		The patch drug delivery system
	Decubitus ulcer
	Freckles and moles
	Cyanosis
	Chemotherapy and hair loss
		Acne
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues
	Cartilages
		Location and Basic Structure
		Types of Cartilage
		Growth of Cartilage
	Bones
		Functions of Bones
		Bone Tissue
		Classification of Bones
		Gross Anatomy of Bones
		Microscopic Structure of Bone
		Bone Development and Growth
		Bone Remodeling
		Repair of Bone Fractures
	Disorders of Bones
		Osteoporosis
		Osteomalacia and Rickets
		Paget’s Disease
		Osteosarcoma
	The Skeleton Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK: The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Achondroplasia
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton
	The Skull
		Overview of Skull Geography
		Cranial Bones
		Facial Bones
		Special Parts of the Skull
	The Vertebral Column
		Regions and Normal Curvatures
		Ligaments of the Spine
		Intervertebral Discs
		General Structure of Vertebrae
		Regional Vertebral Characteristics
		The dens and fatal trauma
	The Thoracic Cage
		Sternum
		Ribs
	Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
		Cleft Palate
		Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine
		Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
	The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
	Deviated septum
	Herniated disc
	The dens and fatal trauma
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
8 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton
	The Pectoral Girdle
		Clavicles
		Scapulae
	The Upper Limb
		Arm
		Forearm
		Hand
	The Pelvic Girdle
		Ilium
		Ischium
		Pubis
		True and False Pelves
		Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
	The Lower Limb
		Thigh
		Leg
		Foot
	Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
	The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
	Fractures of the clavicle
	Palpation of Colles’ fracture
	Carpal tunnel syndrome
	Hip fracture as result of osteoporosis
	Ankle fractures
		Metatarsal stress fracture
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
9 Joints
	Classification of Joints
	Fibrous Joints
		Sutures
		Syndesmoses
		Gomphoses
	Cartilaginous Joints
		Synchondroses
		Symphyses
	Synovial Joints
		General Structure of Synovial Joints
		General Function of Synovial Joints
		Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
		Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
		Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints
	Selected Synovial Joints
		Sternoclavicular Joint
		Temporomandibular Joint
		Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
		Elbow Joint
		Wrist Joint
		Hip Joint
		Knee Joint
		Ankle Joint
	Disorders of Joints
		Joint Injuries
		Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
	FOCUS FIGURE: Focus on Types of Synovial Joints
	The Joints Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
	Temporomandibular disorders
	Shoulder dislocations
	Elbow trauma
	Knee injuries
	Ankle sprains
	Autologous cartilage implantation
		Nursemaid’s elbow
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
10 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
	Overview of Muscle Tissue
		Functions
		Types of Muscle Tissue
	Skeletal Muscle
		Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle
		Microscopic and Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
	Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
		Muscular Dystrophy
		Myofascial Pain Syndrome
		Fibromyalgia
	Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK: Anabolic Steroid Abuse
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Delayed-onset muscle soreness
		Rhabdomyolysis
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
11 Muscles of the Body
	Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
	Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships
	Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development
	Muscle Actions and Interactions
	Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
		Upper Limb
		Lower Limb
	Naming the Skeletal Muscles
	Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body
		Table 11.1 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand
		Table 11.2 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
		Table 11.3 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression
		Table 11.4 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement
		Table 11.5 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing
		Table 11.6 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
		Table 11.7 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing
		Table 11.8 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera
		Table 11.9 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs
		Table 11.10 Super.cial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula
		Table 11.11 Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint: Movements of the Arm (Humerus)
		Table 11.12 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint: Flexion and Extension of the Forearm
		Table 11.13 Muscles of the Forearm: Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
		Table 11.14 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Fine Movements of the Fingers
		Table 11.15 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and leg
		Table 11.16 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
		Table 11.17 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Foot Support
	Regional Surface Anatomy
		The Head
		The Neck
		The Thorax
		The Abdomen
		The Back
		The Upper Limb and Shoulder
		The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region
	FOCUS FIGURE: Focus on Muscle Action
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Compartment syndrome
	Torticollis
	Hernia
	Tennis elbow
	The triangle of auscultation
		Gluteal intramuscular injections
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
	The Functional Organization of the Nervous System
		Functions of the Nervous System
		Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
	Nervous Tissue
		The Neuron
		Supporting Cells
	Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview
		Nerves
		Gray and White Matter of the CNS
	Neuronal Integration
		Integration Between the PNS and CNS
		Reflex Arcs
		Neuronal Circuits
		Simplifled Design of the Nervous System
	Disorders of Nervous Tissue
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Neuronal Regeneration
	Nervous Tissue Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue
	FOCUS FIGURE: Focus on Basic Neuronal Pathways
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Gliomas
		Tic douloureux
	Regeneration and spinal cord injuries
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
13 The Central Nervous System
	The Spinal Cord
		White Matter of the Spinal Cord
		Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
		Protection of the Spinal Cord
	The Brain
		Embryonic Development of the Brain
		Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain
		Ventricles of the Brain
		The Brain Stem
		The Cerebellum
		The Diencephalon
		The Cerebrum
		Functional Brain Systems
		Protection of the Brain
	Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System
		Ascending Pathways
		Descending Pathways
	Disorders of the Central Nervous System
		Spinal Cord Damage
		Brain Dysfunction
	The Central Nervous System Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions
		Postnatal Changes in the Brain
	A CLOSER LOOK: Traumatic Brain Injury
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Flaccid and spastic paralysis
	Meningitis
	Localization of a brain stem injury
	Injury to the cerebellum
	Why won’t teenagers sleep at night?
	Agnosia
	Neglect syndrome
	Dyskinesia
	Hydrocephalus
	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
14 The Peripheral Nervous System
	Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System
	Peripheral Sensory Receptors
		Classification by Location
		Classification by Stimulus Detected
		Classification by Structure
	Cranial Nerves
		I: The Olfactory Nerves
		II: The Optic Nerves
		III: The Oculomotor Nerves
		IV: The Trochlear Nerves
		V: The Trigeminal Nerves
		VI: The Abducens Nerves
		VII: The Facial Nerves
		VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerves
		IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerves
		X: The Vagus Nerves
		XI: The Accessory Nerves
		XII: The Hypoglossal Nerves
	Spinal Nerves
		Innervation of the Back
		Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall
		Introduction to Nerve Plexuses
		Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes
		Innervation of Joints of the Body
	Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
	The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life
	FOCUS FIGURES: Focus on Innervation of the Upper Limb
		Focus on Innervation of the Lower Limb
	A CLOSER LOOK: Postpolio Syndrome: The Plight of Some “Recovered” Polio Victims
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Paresthesia
		Anosmia
		Optic nerve damage
		Oculomotor nerve paralysis
		Trochlear nerve damage
		Anesthesia for upper and lower jaws
		Abducens nerve paralysis
		Bell’s palsy
		Vestibulocochlear nerve damage
		Glossopharyngeal nerve damage
		Vagus nerve damage
		Damage to accessory nerves
		Hypoglossal nerve damage
		Brachial plexus injuries
		Median nerve injury
		Ulnar nerve injuries
		Radial nerve injuries
		Sciatic nerve injuries
		Clinical importance of dermatomes
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
15 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons
	Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
		Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
	The Parasympathetic Division
		Cranial Outflow
		Sacral Outflow
	The Sympathetic Division
		Basic Organization
		Sympathetic Pathways
		The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
	Visceral Sensory Neurons
	Visceral Reflexes
	Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
		Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdala
		Control by the Cerebral Cortex
	Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
	The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Autonomic neuropathy
		Horner’s syndrome
		Stress-induced hypertension
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
16 The Special Senses
	The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
		Taste (Gustation)
		Smell (Olfaction)
		Disorders of the Chemical Senses
		Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses
	The Eye and Vision
		Accessory Structures of the Eye
		Anatomy of the Eyeball
		The Eye as an Optical Device
		Visual Pathways
		Disorders of the Eye and Vision
		Embryonic Development of the Eye
	The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
		The External Ear
		The Middle Ear
		The Internal Ear
		Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways
		Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing
		Embryonic Development of the Ear
	The Special Senses Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Strabismus
		Corneal transplants
		Detachedretina
		Glaucoma
		Cataract
		Focusing disorders
		Perforated eardrum
		Middle earinfections
		Otosclerosis
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
17 The Endocrine System
	Overview
		Endocrine Organs
		Hormones
	The Major Endocrine Organs
		The Pituitary Gland
		The Thyroid Gland
		The Parathyroid Glands
		The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
		The Pineal Gland
		The Pancreas
		The Thymus
		The Gonads
	Other Endocrine Structures
	Disorders of the Endocrine System
		Pituitary Disorders
		A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
		Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
		Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
	The Endocrine System Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK: Potential Uses for Growth Hormone
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Therapeutic uses of oxytocin
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
18 Blood
	Composition of Blood
		Blood Plasma
		Formed Elements
	Blood Cell Formation
		Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
		Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
	Disorders of the Blood
		Disorders of Erythrocytes
		Disorders of Leukocytes
		Disorders of Platelets
	The Blood Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK: Transplants of Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Hemochromatosis
		Thalassemia
		Complete blood count
		Thrombus
		Abnormal numbers of immature blood cells
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
19 The Heart
	Location and Orientation within the Thorax
	Structure of the Heart
		Coverings
		Layers of the Heart Wall
		Heart Chambers
	Heart Valves
		Valve Structure
		Valve Function
		Heart Sounds
	Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
	Cardiac Muscle Tissue
	Conducting System and Innervation
		Conducting System
		Innervation
	Blood Supply to the Heart
	Disorders of the Heart
		Coronary Artery Disease
		Heart Failure
		Disorders of the Conduction System
	The Heart Throughout Life
		Development of the Heart
		The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
	FOCUS FIGURE: Focus on Blood Flow Through the Heart
	A CLOSER LOOK: Coronary Artery Disease
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Pericarditis and cardiac tamponade
		Valve disorders
		Damage to the conducting system
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
20 Blood Vessels
	Part 1: General Characteristics of Blood Vessels
	Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
	Types of Blood Vessels
		Arteries
		Capillaries
		Veins
	Vascular Anastomoses
	Vasa Vasorum
	Part 2: Blood Vessels of the Body
	The Pulmonary Circulation
	The Systemic Circulation
		Systemic Arteries
		Systemic Veins
	Disorders of the Blood Vessels
	Blood Vessels Throughout Life
		Fetal Circulation
		Blood Vessels in Adulthood
	A CLOSER LOOK: Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Varicose veins
		Medical importance of the cavernous sinus
		Medical importance of the saphenous veins
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
	The Lymphatic System
		Lymphatic Capillaries
		Lymphatic Collecting Vessels
		Lymph Nodes
		Lymph Trunks
		Lymph Ducts
	The Immune System
		Lymphocytes
		Lymphocyte Activation
		Lymphoid Tissue
		Lymphoid Organs
	Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
	The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK AIDS: The Modern-Day Plague?
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		The lymph vessels and edema
		Swollen lymph nodes
		Vaccination
		Splenectomy
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
22 The Respiratory System
	Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
		The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses
		The Pharynx
		The Larynx
		The Trachea
		The Bronchial Tree
		The Lungs and Pleurae
	Ventilation
		The Mechanism of Ventilation
		Neural Control of Ventilation
	Disorders of the Respiratory System
		Bronchial Asthma
		Cystic Fibrosis
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	The Respiratory System Throughout Life
	A CLOSER LOOK: Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Rhinitis
		Sinusitis
		Infection of the adenoids
		Laryngitis
		Tracheotomy (tracheostomy)
		Pleurisy and pleural effusion
		Collapsed lung
		Respiratory distress syndrome
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
23 The Digestive System
	Overview
		Digestive Processes
		Abdominal Regions
		The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum
	Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
		Histology
		Smooth Muscle
		The Mouth and Associated Organs
		The Pharynx
		The Esophagus
		The Stomach
		The Small Intestine
		The Large Intestine
	Anatomy of the Accessory Organs
		The Liver
		The Gallbladder
		The Pancreas
	Disorders of the Digestive System
		Peptic Ulcers
		Intestinal Obstruction
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Viral Hepatitis
		Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas
	The Digestive System Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development
		The Digestive System in Later Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Bowel sounds
		Peritonitis
		Impacted tooth
		Gum disease
		Mumps
	Hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease
		Appendicitis
		Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
		Hemorrhoids
		Cirrhosis
		Gallstones
		Pancreatitis
		Developmental abnormalities
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
24 The Urinary System
	Kidneys
		Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
		Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
	Ureters
		Gross Anatomy
		Microscopic Anatomy
	Urinary Bladder
		Gross Anatomy
		Microscopic Anatomy
	Urethra
	Micturition
	Disorders of the Urinary System
		Urinary Tract Infections
		Renal Calculi
		Cancer of Urinary Organs
	The Urinary System Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Pyelonephritis
		Pyelography
		Micturition dysfunctions
		Kidney transplant
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
25 The Reproductive System
	The Male Reproductive System
		The Testes
		Male Reproductive Ducts
		Accessory Glands
		The Penis
		The Male Perineum
		Spermatogenesis
	The Female Reproductive System
		The Ovaries
		The Uterine Tubes
		The Uterus
		The Female Menstrual Cycle and Oogenesis
		The Vagina
		The External Genitalia and Female Perineum
		The Mammary Glands
	Pregnancy and Childbirth
		Pregnancy
		Childbirth
	Disorders of the Reproductive System
		Reproductive System Cancers in Males
		Reproductive System Cancers in Females
	The Reproductive System Throughout Life
		Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs
		Descent of the Gonads
		Puberty
		Menopause
	A CLOSER LOOK: Contraception: To Be or Not To Be
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Varicocele
		Vasectomy
		Inguinal hernia
		Benign prostatic hyperplasia
		Circumcision
		Pelvic inflammatory disease
		Endometriosis
		Episiotomy
		Displaced placenta
		Hypospadias
		Cryptorchidism
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Reasoning and Clinical Application Questions
Appendix A: The Metric System
Appendix B: Answers to Check Your Understanding, Multiple Choice, and Matching Questions
Glossary
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z
Photo and Illustration Credits
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z