Human Anatomy, Global Edition

Cover
Brief Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Detailed Contents
1 The Human Body: An Orientation
	1.1 An Overview of Anatomy
		1.1a Subdisciplines of Anatomy
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
			Other Branches of Anatomy
		1.1b The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
		FOCUS FIGURE 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization
		1.1c Units of Measurement
		1.1d Anatomical Terminology
	1.2 Gross Anatomy: An Introduction
		1.2a Regional and Directional Terms
		1.2b Body Planes and Sections
		1.2c The Human Body Plan
		1.2d Body Cavities and Membranes
			Dorsal Body Cavity
			Ventral Body Cavity
			Serous Cavities
		1.2e Abdominal Quadrants
		1.2f Anatomical Variability
	1.3 Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction
		1.3a Light and Electron Microscopy
		1.3b Scanning Electron Microscopy
		1.3c Artifacts
	1.4 Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
		1.4a X‐Ray Imaging
		1.4b Advanced X‐Ray Techniques
			Computed Tomography
			Angiography
		1.4c Positron Emission Tomography
		1.4d Sonography
		1.4e Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
2 Cells: The Living Units
	2.1 Overview of Cells
	2.2 The Plasma Membrane
		2.2a Structure
		2.2b Functions
		2.2c Membrane Transport
	2.3 The Cytoplasm
		2.3a Cytosol
		2.3b Cytoplasmic Organelles
			Ribosomes
			Endoplasmic Reticulum
			Golgi Apparatus
			Lysosomes
			Mitochondria
			Peroxisomes
			Cytoskeleton
			Centrosome and Centrioles
		2.3c Cytoplasmic Inclusions
	2.4 The Nucleus
		2.4a Nuclear Envelope
		2.4b Nucleolus
		2.4c Chromatin and Chromosomes
	2.5 The Cell Life Cycle
		2.5a Interphase
		2.5b Cell Division
			Mitosis
			FOCUS FIGURE 2.17 Mitosis
			Cytokinesis
	2.6 Developmental Aspects of Cells
		2.6a Cell Differentiation
		2.6b Aging
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Hypercholesterolemia 
		Tay‐Sachs Disease
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
3 Basic Embryology
	3.1 Stages of Prenatal Development
	3.2 The Basic Body Plan
	3.3 The Embryonic Period
		3.3a Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst
		3.3b Week 2: The Two‐Layered Embryo
		3.3c Week 3: The Three‐Layered Embryo
			The Primitive Streak and the Three Germ Layers
			The Notochord
			Neurulation
			The Mesoderm Begins to Differentiate
		3.3d Week 4: The Body Takes Shape
			Folding
			Derivatives of the Germ Layers
		3.3e Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development
	3.4 The Fetal Period
		A CLOSER LOOK Focus on Birth Defects
	CLINICAL APPLICATION
		Conjoined (Siamese) Twins 
		Neural Tube Defects
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
4 Tissues
	4.1 Epithelial Tissue
		4.1a Special Characteristics of Epithelia
		4.1b Classification of Epithelia
			Simple Epithelia
			Stratified Epithelia
		4.1c Glands
			Endocrine Glands
			Exocrine Glands
		4.1d Epithelial Surface Features
			Lateral Surface Features: Cell Junctions
			Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina
			Apical Surface Features: Microvilli and Cilia
	4.2 Connective Tissue
		4.2a Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues
		4.2b Structural Elements of Connective Tissues
			Cells
			Fibers
			Ground Substance
		4.2c Classification of Connective Tissues
			Connective Tissue Proper—Loose Connective Tissues
			Connective Tissue Proper—Dense Connective Tissue
			Cartilage
			Bone
			Blood
		4.2d Covering and Lining Membranes
			FOCUS FIGURE 4.11 Identifying Epithelial and Connective Tissues
	4.3 Muscle Tissue
	4.4 Nervous Tissue
	4.5 Tissue Response to Injury
		4.5a Inflammation
		4.5b Repair
	4.6 The Tissues Throughout Life
		A CLOSER LOOK Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
	CLINICAL APPLICATION
		Basement Membranes and Diabetes 
		Kartagener’s Syndrome
		Scurvy
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
5 The Integumentary System
	5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
		5.1a Epidermis
			Layers of the Epidermis
		5.1b Dermis
			Papillary Dermis
			Reticular Dermis
		A CLOSER LOOK Tattoos
		5.1c Subcutaneous Tissue
		5.1d Skin Color
	5.2 Appendages of the Skin
		5.2a Nails
		5.2b Hair and Hair Follicles
			Hair
			Hair Follicles
			Types and Growth of Hair
			Hair Thinning and Baldness
		5.2c Sebaceous Glands
		5.2d Sweat Glands
			Eccrine Sweat Glands
			Apocrine Sweat Glands
	5.3 Disorders of the Integumentary System
		5.3a Burns
		5.3b Skin Cancer
			Basal Cell Carcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Melanoma
	5.4 The Skin Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Skin’s Response to Friction 
		Decubitus Ulcer
		The Patch Drug Delivery System
		Acne
		Freckles and Moles 
		Cyanosis 
		Chemotherapy and Hair Loss
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues
	6.1 Cartilages
		6.1a Location and Basic Structure
		6.1b Types of Cartilage
			Hyaline Cartilage
			A CLOSER LOOK The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage
			Elastic Cartilage
			Fibrocartilage
		6.1c Growth of Cartilage
	6.2 Bones
		6.2a Functions of Bones
		6.2b Bone Tissue
			Extracellular Matrix
			Cells
		6.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones
			Classification of Bones
			Compact and Spongy Bone
			Structure of a Typical Long Bone
			Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
			Bone Design and Stress
		6.2d Microscopic Structure of Bone
			Compact Bone
			Spongy Bone
		6.2e Bone Development and Growth
			Intramembranous Ossification
			Endochondral Ossification
			Anatomy of the Epiphyseal Plate
			Postnatal Growth of Endochondral Bones
		6.2f Bone Remodeling
		6.2g Repair of Bone Fractures
	6.3 Disorders of Bones
		6.3a Osteoporosis
		6.3b Osteomalacia and Rickets
		6.3c Osteosarcoma
	6.4 The Skeleton Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Achondroplasia
		Paget’s Disease
		Traction
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton
	7.1 The Skull
		7.1a Overview of Skull Geography
		7.1b Cranial Bones
			Parietal Bones and the Major Sutures
			Sutural Bones
			Frontal Bone
			Occipital Bone
			Temporal Bones
			Sphenoid Bone
			Ethmoid Bone
		7.1c Facial Bones
			Mandible
			Maxillary Bones
			Zygomatic Bones
			Nasal Bones
			Lacrimal Bones
			Palatine Bones
			Vomer
			Inferior Nasal Conchae
		7.1d Special Parts of the Skull
			Nasal Cavity
			Paranasal Sinuses
			Orbits
			The Hyoid Bone
	7.2 The Vertebral Column
		7.2a Regions and Normal Curvatures
		7.2b Ligaments of the Spine
		7.2c Intervertebral Discs
		7.2d General Structure of Vertebrae
		7.2e Regional Vertebral Characteristics
			Cervical Vertebrae
			Thoracic Vertebrae
			Lumbar Vertebrae
			Sacrum
			Coccyx
	7.3 The Thoracic Cage
		7.3a Sternum
		7.3b Ribs
	7.4 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
		7.4a Cleft Palate
		7.4b Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine
		7.4c Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
	7.5 The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Deviated Septum
		Herniated Disc
		The Dens and Fatal Trauma
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
8 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton
	8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
		8.1a Clavicles
		8.1b Scapulae
	8.2 The Upper Limb
		8.2a Arm
		8.2b Forearm
			Ulna
			Radius
		8.2c Hand
			Carpus
			Metacarpus
			Phalanges of the Fingers
	8.3 The Pelvic Girdle
		8.3a Ilium
		8.3b Ischium
		8.3c Pubis
		8.3d Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
	8.4 The Lower Limb
		8.4a Thigh
		8.4b Leg
			Tibia
			Fibula
		8.4c Foot
			Tarsus
			Metatarsus
			Phalanges of the Toes
			Arches of the Foot
	8.5 Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
	8.6 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Fractures of the Clavicle
		Palpation of Colles’ Fracture
		Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
		Hip Fracture as a Result of Osteoporosis
		Ankle Fractures
		Metatarsal Stress Fracture
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
9 Joints
	9.1 Classification of Joints
	9.2 Fibrous Joints
		9.2a Sutures
		9.2b Syndesmoses
		9.2c Gomphoses
	9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
		9.3a Synchondroses
		9.3b Symphyses
	9.4 Synovial Joints
		9.4a General Structure of Synovial Joints
		9.4b Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
			Gliding
			Angular Movements
			Special Movements
		9.4c Types of Synovial Joints
		9.4d Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints
			Articular Surfaces
			FOCUS FIGURE 9.8 Synovial Joints
			Ligaments
			Muscle Tone
	9.5 Selected Synovial Joints
		9.5a Temporomandibular Joint
		9.5b Sternoclavicular Joint
		9.5c Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
		9.5d Elbow Joint
		9.5e Wrist Joint
		9.5f Hip Joint
		9.5g Knee Joint
		9.5h Ankle Joint
	9.6 Disorders of Joints
		9.6a Joint Injuries
			Torn Cartilage
			Sprains
			Dislocations
		9.6b Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
			Bursitis, Tendonitis, and Tenosynovitis
			Arthritis
	9.7 The Joints Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Temporomandibular Disorders
		Shoulder Dislocations
		Elbow Trauma
		Knee Injuries
		Ankle Sprains
		Autologous Cartilage Implantation
		Nursemaid’s Elbow
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
10 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
	10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue
		10.1a Properties of Muscle Tissue
			Terminology Specific to Muscle Tissue
		10.1b Functions of Muscle Tissue
		10.1c Types of Muscle Tissue
			Skeletal Muscle Tissue
			Cardiac Muscle Tissue
			Smooth Muscle Tissue
	10.2 Skeletal Muscle
		10.2a Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
			Connective Tissue and Fascicles
			Nerves and Blood Vessels
			Muscle Attachments
		10.2b Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
			The Skeletal Muscle Fiber
			Myofibrils and Sarcomeres
			Titin and Other Myofibril Proteins
			Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules
		10.2c Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
			Mechanism of Contraction
			Muscle Extension
			Muscle Fiber Length and the Force of Contraction
			Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
			Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
	10.3 Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
		10.3a Muscular Dystrophy
		10.3b Myofascial Pain Syndrome
		10.3c Fibromyalgia
	10.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life
		A CLOSER LOOK: Anabolic Steroid Abuse
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Delayed‐Onset Muscle Soreness
		Muscle Twitch
		Rhabdomyolysis
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
11 Muscles of the Body
	11.1 Mechanics of Muscle Function
		11.1a Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
		11.1b Lever Systems: Bone‐Muscle Relationships
			First‐Class Lever
			Second‐Class Lever
			Third‐Class Lever
		11.1c Muscle Actions and Interactions
		FOCUS FIGURE 11.4 Muscle Action
	11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscles
		11.2a Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development
		11.2b Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
			Upper Limb
			Lower Limb
	11.3 Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body
		11.3a Naming the Skeletal Muscles
		11.3b The Muscle Tables
			Table 11.1 Muscles of the Head, Part I: Facial Expression
			Table 11.2 Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement
			Table 11.3 Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat: Swallowing
			Table 11.4 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column: Head Movements and Trunk Extension
			Table 11.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing
			Table 11.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera
			Table 11.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs
			Table 11.8 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula
			Table 11.9 Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint: Movements of the Arm (Humerus)
			Table 11.10 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint: Flexion and Extension of the Forearm
			Table 11.11 Muscles of the Forearm: Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
			Table 11.12 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Arm, Forearm, and Hand
			Table 11.13 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand: Fine Movements of the Fingers
			Table 11.14 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg
			Table 11.15 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes
			Table 11.16 Summary of Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
			Table 11.17 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Foot Support
	11.4 Regional Surface Anatomy
		11.4a The Head
			The Cranium
			The Face
		11.4b The Neck
			Skeletal Landmarks
			Muscles of the Neck
			Triangles of the Neck
		11.4c The Thorax
			Skeletal Landmarks
			Muscles of the Thorax
		11.4d The Abdomen
			Skeletal Landmarks
			Muscles and Other Abdominal Surface Features
		11.4e The Back
			Bones of the Back
			Muscles of the Back
		11.4f The Upper Limb and Shoulder
			The Axilla
			The Shoulder
			The Arm
			The Elbow Region
			The Forearm and Hand
		11.4g The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region
			The Gluteal Region
			The Thigh
			The Leg and Foot
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Compartment Syndrome
		Torticollis
		Hernia
		Tennis Elbow
		Lacerations to the Neck
		The Triangle of Auscultation
		Gluteal Intramuscular Injections
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
	12.1 The Functional Organization of the Nervous System
		12.1a Functions of the Nervous System
		12.1b Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
			Somatic Sensory (SS)
			Visceral Sensory (VS)
			Somatic Motor (SM)
			Visceral Motor (VM)
	12.2 Nervous Tissue
		12.2a The Neuron
			The Cell Body
			Neuron Processes
			Synapses
			Classification of Neurons
		12.2b Neuroglia
			Neuroglia in the CNS
			Neuroglia in the PNS
			Myelin Sheaths
	12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview
		12.3a Gray and White Matter of the CNS
		12.3b Nerves
	12.4 Neuronal Integration
		12.4a Reflex Arcs
			Monosynaptic Reflex
			Polysynaptic Reflex
		12.4b Neuronal Circuits
			Diverging Circuit
			Converging Circuit
			Reverberating Circuit
			Serial Processing
			Parallel Processing
			FOCUS FIGURE 12.13 Neuronal Pathways
		12.4c Integration Between the PNS and CNS
	12.5 Disorders of Nervous Tissue
		12.5a Multiple Sclerosis
		12.5b Neuronal Regeneration
	12.6 Nervous Tissue Throughout Life
		12.6a Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Gliomas
		Tic Douloureux
		Regeneration and Spinal Cord Injuries
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
13 The Central Nervous System
	13.1 The Brain
		13.1a Embryonic Development of the Brain
		13.1b Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain
			Ventricles of the Brain
			Distribution of Gray Matter and White Matter
		13.1c The Brain Stem
			The Medulla Oblongata
			The Pons
			The Midbrain
		13.1d The Cerebellum
			The Cerebellar Peduncles
		13.1e The Diencephalon
			The Thalamus
			The Hypothalamus
			The Epithalamus
		13.1f The Cerebrum
			Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
			Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
			White Matter of the Cerebrum
			Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
		13.1g Functional Brain Systems
			The Limbic System
			The Reticular Formation
		13.1h Protection of the Brain
			Meninges
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Blood Brain Barrier
	13.2 The Spinal Cord
		13.2a White Matter of the Spinal Cord
		13.2b Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
		13.2c Protection of the Spinal Cord
	13.3 Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System
		13.3a Ascending Pathways
			Spinocerebellar Pathway
			Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
			Spinothalamic Pathway
		13.3b Descending Pathways
			Direct Pathways (Pyramidal Tracts)
			Indirect Pathways (Extrapyramidal Tracts)
	13.4 Disorders of the Central Nervous System
		13.4a Spinal Cord Damage
		13.4b Brain Dysfunction
			Cerebrovascular Accidents
			A CLOSER LOOK Traumatic Brain Injury
			Alzheimer’s Disease
	13.5 The Central Nervous System Throughout Life
		13.5a Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions
		13.5b Postnatal Changes in the Brain
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Localization of a Brain Stem Injury
		Injury to the Cerebellum
		Why Won’t Teenagers Sleep at Night?
		Phantom Limb Pain
		Agnosia
		Neglect Syndrome
		Dyskinesia
		Hydrocephalus
		Flaccid and Spastic Paralysis
		Meningitis
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
14 The Peripheral Nervous System
	14.1 Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System
	14.2 Peripheral Sensory Receptors
		14.2a Functional Classification
			Location of Receptors
			Stimulus Type
		14.2b Structural Classification
			Free Nerve Endings
			Encapsulated Nerve Endings
	14.3 Cranial Nerves
	14.4 Spinal Nerves
		14.4a Innervation of the Back
		14.4b Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall
		14.4c Nerve Plexuses
			The Cervical Plexus and Innervation of the Neck
			The Brachial Plexus and Innervation of the Upper Limb
			FOCUS FIGURE 14.10 Innervation of the Upper Limb
			The Lumbar Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
			The Sacral Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limb
			FOCUS FIGURE 14.13 Innervation of the Lower Limb
		14.4d Innervation of Joints of the Body
		14.4e Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes
	14.5 Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
		14.5a Shingles
		14.5b Migraines
		14.5c Peripheral Neuropathy
		A CLOSER LOOK
			Postpolio Syndrome: The Plight of Some ”Recovered” Polio Victims
	14.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Paresthesia
		Anosmia
		Optic Nerve Damage
		Oculomotor Nerve Paralysis
		Trochlear Nerve Damage
		Anesthesia for Upper and Lower Jaws
		Abducens Nerve Paralysis
		Bell’s Palsy
		Vestibulocochlear Nerve Damage
		Glossopharyngeal Nerve Damage
		Vagus Nerve Damage
		Damage to Accessory Nerves
		Hypoglossal Nerve Damage
		Hiccups
		Brachial Plexus Injuries
		Median Nerve Injury
		Ulnar Nerve Injuries
		Radial Nerve Injuries
		Compression of Lumbar Spinal Nerves
		Sciatic Nerve Injuries
		Clinical Importance of Dermatomes
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
15 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons
	15.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
		15.1a Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems
			FOCUS FIGURE 15.2 Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation
		15.1b Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
	15.2 The Parasympathetic Division
		15.2a Cranial Outflow
			Oculomotor Nerve (III)
			Facial Nerve (VII)
			Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
			Vagus Nerve (X)
		15.2b Sacral Outflow
	15.3 The Sympathetic Division
		15.3a Basic Organization
			Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
			Collateral Ganglia
		15.3b Sympathetic Pathways
			Pathways to the Body Periphery
			Pathways to the Head
			Pathways to the Thoracic Organs
			Pathways to the Abdominal Organs
			Pathways to the Pelvic Organs
		15.3c The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division
	15.4 Visceral Sensory Neurons
	15.5 Visceral Reflexes
	15.6 Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
		15.6a Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
		15.6b Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdaloid Body
		15.6c Control by the Cerebral Cortex
	15.7 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
	15.8 The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Autonomic Neuropathy
		Horner’s Syndrome
		Stress‐Induced Hypertension
		Autonomic Hyperreflexia
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
16 The Special Senses
	16.1 The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
		16.1a Taste (Gustation)
			Taste Buds
			Taste Sensations and the Gustatory Pathway
		16.1b Smell (Olfaction)
		16.1c Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses
		16.1d Disorders of the Chemical Senses
	16.2 The Eye and Vision
		16.2a Accessory Structures of the Eye
			Eyebrows
			Eyelids
			Conjunctiva
			Lacrimal Apparatus
			Extrinsic Eye Muscles
		16.2b Anatomy of the Eyeball
			The Fibrous Layer
			The Vascular Layer
			The Inner Layer
			Internal Chambers and Fluids
			The Lens
		16.2c The Eye as an Optical Device
		16.2d Visual Pathways
			Visual Pathway to the Cerebral Cortex
			Visual Pathways to Other Parts of the Brain
		16.2e Embryonic Development of the Eye
		16.2f Disorders of the Eye and Vision
	16.3 The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium
		16.3a The External Ear
		16.3b The Middle Ear
		16.3c The Internal Ear
			The Cochlea
			The Vestibule and the Utricle and Saccule
			The Semicircular Canals and Semicircular Ducts
		16.3d Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways
		16.3e Embryonic Development of the Ear
		16.3f Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing
			Motion Sickness
			Meniere’s Syndrome
			Deafness
	16.4 The Special Senses Throughout Life
		Olfaction and Taste
		Vision
		Hearing
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Anosmia
		Strabismus
		Corneal Transplants
		Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
		Detached Retina
		Glaucoma
		Cataract
		Focusing Disorders
		Perforated Eardrum
		Middle Ear Infections
		Otosclerosis
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
17 The Endocrine System
	17.1 Overview
		17.1a Endocrine Organs
		17.1b Hormones
			Classes of Hormones
			Basic Hormone Action
			Control of Hormone Secretion
	17.2 The Major Endocrine Organs
		17.2a The Pituitary Gland
			Gross Anatomy
			The Anterior Lobe
			Hypothalamic Control of Hormone Secretion from the Anterior Lobe
			The Posterior Lobe
			FOCUS FIGURE 17.4 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions
		17.2b The Thyroid Gland
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		17.2c The Parathyroid Glands
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		17.2d The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
			Gross Anatomy
			The Adrenal Medulla
			The Adrenal Cortex
		17.2e The Pineal Gland
		17.2f The Pancreas
		17.2g The Thymus
		17.2h The Gonads
	17.3 Other Endocrine Structures
	17.4 Disorders of the Endocrine System
		17.4a Pituitary Disorders
		17.4b A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
			Type 1 Diabetes
			Type 2 Diabetes
		17.4c Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
		17.4d Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
	17.5 The Endocrine System Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Therapeutic Uses of Growth Hormone
		Therapeutic Uses of Oxytocin
		Osteoporosis Treatment
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
18 Blood
	18.1 Composition of Blood
		18.1a Blood Plasma
		18.1b Formed Elements
			Erythrocytes
			Leukocytes
			Platelets
	18.2 Blood Cell Formation
		18.2a Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
		18.2b Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
			Genesis of Erythrocytes
			Formation of Leukocytes and Platelets
	18.3 Disorders of the Blood
		18.3a Disorders of Erythrocytes
		18.3b Disorders of Leukocytes
		18.3c Disorders of Platelets
	18.4 The Blood Throughout Life
		A CLOSER LOOK Hematopoietic Cell Transplants
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Hemochromatosis
		Thalassemia
		Complete Blood Count
		Thrombus
		Abnormal Numbers of Immature Blood Cells
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
19 The Heart
	19.1 Location and Orientation Within the Thorax
	19.2 Structure of the Heart
		19.2a Coverings
		19.2b Layers of the Heart Wall
		19.2c Heart Chambers
			Right Atrium
			Right Ventricle
			Left Atrium
			Left Ventricle
	19.3 Heart Valves
		19.3a Valve Structure
		19.3b Valve Function
		19.3c Heart Sounds
	19.4 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
		FOCUS FIGURE 19.10 Blood Flow Through the Heart
	19.5 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
		19.5a Structure of Cardiac Muscle
		19.5b Mechanism of Contraction
	19.6 Conducting System and Innervation
		19.6a Conducting System
		19.6b Innervation
	19.7 Blood Supply to the Heart
		19.7a Coronary Arteries
		19.7b Cardiac Veins
	19.8 Disorders of the Heart
		19.8a Coronary Artery Disease
		19.8b Heart Failure
		A CLOSER LOOK Coronary Artery Disease
		19.8c Disorders of the Conduction System
	19.9 The Heart Throughout Life
		19.9a Development of the Heart
		19.9b The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
		Valve Disorders
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Damage to the Conducting System
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
20 Blood Vessels
	Part 1: General Characteristics of Blood Vessels
	20.1 Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
	20.2 Types of Blood Vessels
		20.2a Arteries
			Elastic Arteries
			Muscular Arteries
			Arterioles
		20.2b Capillaries
			Continuous Capillaries
			Fenestrated Capillaries
			Sinusoid Capillaries (Sinusoids)
			Capillary Permeability
			Capillary Beds
		20.2c Venous Vessels
			Venules
			Veins
	20.3 Vascular Anastomoses
	Part 2: Blood Vessels of the Body
	20.4 The Pulmonary Circulation
	20.5 The Systemic Circulation
		20.5a Systemic Arteries
			Aorta
			Arteries of the Head and Neck
			Arteries of the Thorax
			Arteries of the Upper Limbs
			Arteries of the Abdomen
			Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
		20.5b Systemic Veins
			Venae Cavae and Their Major Tributaries
			Veins of the Head and Neck
			Veins of the Thorax
			Veins of the Upper Limbs
			Veins of the Abdomen
			Portal‐Systemic Anastomoses
			Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
	20.6 Disorders of the Blood Vessels
		A CLOSER LOOK Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno
		FOCUS FIGURE 20.25 Fetal and Newborn Circulation
	20.7 Blood Vessels Throughout Life
		20.7a Fetal Circulation
			Vessels to and from the Placenta
			Shunts Away from the Pulmonary Circuit
		20.7b Blood Vessels in Adulthood
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Varicose Veins
		Pulse Points in the Head and Neck
		Pulse Points in the Upper Limb
		Pulse Points in the Lower Limb
		Medical Importance of The Cavernous Sinus
		Medical Importance of the Saphenous Veins
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
	21.1 The Lymphatic System
		21.1a Lymphatic Capillaries
		21.1b Collecting Lymphatic Vessels
			Lymph Transport
		21.1c Lymph Nodes
			Microscopic Anatomy
		21.1d Lymph Trunks
		21.1e Lymph Ducts
			Thoracic Duct
			Right Lymphatic Duct
	21.2 The Immune System
		21.2a Lymphocytes
		21.2b Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation
		21.2c Lymphoid Tissue
		A CLOSER LOOK AIDS: The Modern‐Day Plague?
		21.2d Lymphoid Organs
			Thymus
			Lymph Nodes
			Spleen
			Tonsils
			Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules and the Appendix
	21.3 Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
	21.4 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		The Lymph Vessels and Edema
		Swollen Lymph Nodes
		Vaccination
		Splenectomy
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
22 The Respiratory System
	22.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
		22.1a The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses
			The Nose
			The Nasal Cavity
			The Paranasal Sinuses
		22.1b The Pharynx
			The Nasopharynx
			The Oropharynx
			The Laryngopharynx
		22.1c The Larynx
			Voice Production
			Sphincter Functions of the Larynx
			Innervation of the Larynx
		22.1d The Trachea
		22.1e The Bronchial Tree
			Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
			The Respiratory Zone
		22.1f The Lungs and Pleurae
			Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
			Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
			The Pleurae
	22.2 Ventilation
		22.2a The Mechanism of Ventilation
			Inspiration
			Expiration
		22.2b Neural Control of Ventilation
	22.3 Disorders of the Respiratory System
		22.3a Bronchial Asthma
		22.3b Cystic Fibrosis
		A CLOSER LOOK Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen
		22.3c Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
			Chronic Bronchitis
			Emphysema
	22.4 The Respiratory System Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Rhinitis
		Epistaxis
		Sinusitis
		Infection of the Adenoids
		Laryngitis
		Tracheotomy (Tracheostomy)
		Pleurisy and Pleural Effusion
		Collapsed Lung
		Respiratory Distress Syndrome
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
23 The Digestive System
	23.1 Overview
		23.1a Abdominal Regions
			FOCUS FIGURE 23.3 Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs
		23.1b The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum
			Mesenteries
		23.1c Digestive Processes
	23.2 Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
		23.2a Histology
			The Mucosa
			The Submucosa
			The Muscularis Externa
			The Serosa
		23.2b Smooth Muscle
			Structure of Smooth Muscle
			Mechanism of Contraction
			Innervation of Smooth Muscle and Glands
		23.2c The Mouth and Associated Organs
			The Mouth
			The Tongue
			The Teeth
			The Salivary Glands
		23.2d The Pharynx
		23.2e The Esophagus
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		23.2f The Stomach
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		23.2g The Small Intestine
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		23.2h The Large Intestine
			Gross Anatomy
			Defecation
			Microscopic Anatomy
			FOCUS FIGURE 23.24 Digestive Processes and Histology of the Alimentary Canal
	23.3 Anatomy of the Accessory Organs
		23.3a The Liver
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		23.3b The Gallbladder
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		23.3c The Pancreas
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
	23.4 Disorders of the Digestive System
		23.4a Peptic Ulcers
		23.4b Intestinal Obstruction
		23.4c Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		23.4d Viral Hepatitis
		23.4e Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas
	23.5 The Digestive System Throughout Life
		23.5a Embryonic Development
		23.5b The Digestive System in Later Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Bowel Sounds
		Peritonitis
		Impacted Tooth
		Gum Disease
		Mumps
		Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Appendicitis
		Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
		Hemorrhoids
		Cirrhosis
		Gallstones
		Pancreatitis
		Developmental Abnormalities
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
24 The Urinary System
	24.1 Kidneys
		24.1a Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
			Location and External Anatomy
			Internal Gross Anatomy
			Gross Vasculature and Nerve Supply
		24.1b Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys
			Mechanisms of Urine Production
			Nephron Structure
			Blood Vessels Associated with Nephrons
			Juxtaglomerular Complex
	24.2 Ureters
		24.2a Gross Anatomy
		24.2b Microscopic Anatomy
	24.3 Urinary Bladder
		24.3a Gross Anatomy
			Vessels and Nerves
		24.3b Microscopic Anatomy
	24.4 Urethra
	24.5 Micturition
	24.6 Disorders of the Urinary System
		24.6a Urinary Tract Infections
		24.6b Renal Calculi
		24.6c Cancer of Urinary Organs
	24.7 The Urinary System Throughout Life
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Pyelonephritis
		Pyelography
		Micturition Dysfunctions
		Kidney Transplant
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
25 The Reproductive System
	25.1 The Male Reproductive System
		25.1a The Testes
			Location
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		25.1b Male Reproductive Ducts
			The Epididymis
			The Ductus Deferens
			The Spermatic Cord
			The Urethra
		25.1c Accessory Glands
			The Seminal Glands
			The Prostate
			The Bulbo‐urethral Glands
		25.1d The Penis
			Vessels and Nerves
			Male Sexual Response
		25.1e The Male Perineum
		25.1f Spermatogenesis
	25.2 The Female Reproductive System
		25.2a The Ovaries
			Gross Anatomy
			Microscopic Anatomy
		25.2b The Uterine Tubes
		25.2c The Uterus
			Supports of the Uterus
			The Uterine Wall
		25.2d The Vagina
		25.2e The External Genitalia and Female Perineum
		25.2f Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle
			Oogenesis
			The Ovarian Cycle
			The Uterine Cycle
		25.2g The Mammary Glands
		A CLOSER LOOK Contraception: To Be or Not To Be
	25.3 Pregnancy and Childbirth
		25.3a Pregnancy
			Events Leading to Fertilization
			Implantation
			Formation of the Placenta
			Exchange Across the Placenta
		25.3b Childbirth
	25.4 Disorders of the Reproductive System
		25.4a Reproductive System Cancers in Males
			Testicular Cancer
			Prostate Cancer
		25.4b Reproductive System Cancers in Females
			Ovarian Cancer
			Endometrial Cancer
			Cervical Cancer
			Breast Cancer
	25.5 The Reproductive System Throughout Life
		25.5a Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs
		25.5b Descent of the Gonads
		25.5c Puberty
		25.5d Menopause
	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
		Varicocele
		Vasectomy
		Inguinal Hernia
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Circumcision
		Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		Episiotomy
		Endometriosis
		Ectopic Pregnancy
		Displaced Placenta
		Hypospadias
		Cryptorchidism
	Related Clinical Terms
	Chapter Summary
	Review Questions
Answers Appendix
Appendix A The Metric System
Glossary
Credits
Index
Word Roots: Combining Forms, Prefixes and Suffixes