How was life? Volume II : new perspectives on well-being and global inequality since 1820.

Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Readers’ Guide
	Conventions
Executive summary
	References
1 New perspectives on global inequality throughout history
	Introduction
	Aim of this report
		Practical issues
	Introduction to individual chapters
	References
	Notes
2 The long view on economic growth: New estimates of GDP
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
		Gross Domestic Product per capita
			The Income approach to measuring GDP
			The Expenditure approach to measuring GDP
			The Production approach to measuring GDP
		Relative prices
		Historical GDP Benchmarks
	Historical sources and data quality
	Long-run global developments in per capita GDP: Comparing the three approaches
		The first test: Subsistence income
		Analysing the accuracy of backward projections through comparisons with historical GDP benchmarks
		Incorporating important historical benchmarks of GDP per capita
			The world in 1820
		Developments since 1820
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Notes
3 The working week in manufacturing since 1820
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources
	Data quality
	Main highlights of historical trends in working hours
	Holidays and annual working time
	Correlation with GDP per capita
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Notes
4 Social spending and the welfare state
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources and data quality
	Main highlights of social spending trends
	Social spending under, and since, communism
	Correlation with GDP per capita and related social indicators
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Annex 4.A. Data sources for individual countries
		Countries covered in the chapter
			Argentina
			Australia
			Brazil
			Canada
			China
			Egypt
			France
			Germany
			India
			Indonesia
			Japan
			Italy
			Kenya
			Netherlands
			Nigeria
			Poland
			South Africa
			Spain
			Russia
			Sweden
			Thailand
			Turkey
			United Kingdom
			United States
	Notes
5 Wealth inequality in the long run
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources
	Data quality
	Main highlights of historical trends in wealth inequality
		Developments in individual countries
		Regional comparisons
		A first glance at the global wealth distribution
	Correlation with GDP per capita
	Priorities for Future Research
	References
	Notes
6 Life expectancy and length of life inequality in the long run
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
		Measurement
	Historical sources
	Data quality
	Main highlights of trends in life expectancy and length of life inequality
		Life expectancy
		Length of life inequality
		Trajectories of countries
	Correlations with GDP per capita
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Annex 6.A. Inequality measurement
	Note
7 Inequality in educational achievement
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources
	Data quality
	Main highlights of trends in educational achievement
	Correlation of educational inequality with income
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Notes
8 Gender equality since 1900
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources
	Data quality
	Main highlights of historical developments in gender equality
		Historical developments in different aspects of gender inequality
		Historical developments in a composite measure of gender inequality
	Correlation with GDP per capita
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Annex 8.A. Additional evidence
	Note
9 Global extreme poverty:  Present and past since 1820
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources
		Prices from the ILO October inquiry
		Consumption and income distributions
		Estimating unobserved household mean income
		Imputations
	Data quality
	Main highlights on trends in extreme poverty
		Global extreme poverty
		Extreme poverty in world regions
		China
	Correlation with GDP per capita
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Notes
10 Biodiversity trends in a historical perspective
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources
		Biodiversity indices for world regions
		Biodiversity state and pressure indicators based on historical research
		Case study: Biodiversity change in the Netherlands, 1900-2010
	Data quality
	Main highlights on historical trends in biodiversity
		Biodiversity indices for world regions
		Biodiversity state and pressure indicators based on historical research
		Case study: Biodiversity change in the Netherlands 1900-2010
	Correlation with GDP per capita
	Priorities for future research
	References
	Notes
11 A composite view on inequality and well-being
	Introduction
	Description of the concepts used
	Historical sources and data quality
	Main highlights
	Correlation with GDP per capita
	Trends in well-being inequality
	Composite indicators
	Conclusions and priorities for further research
	References
	Annex 11.A. Supporting material
	Notes