How To Write Your Literature Review

Contents\nAcknowledgements\nIntroduction\n	Why are literature reviews necessary?\n	Integrated literature reviews\n	The most common problems\n	Why this book\n	Thinking skills\n	Writing\n	How to manage your work\n	Managing your time\n	Timeline\nPart 1: Types of Literature Reviews\n	Chapter 1: Stand-alone Literature Reviews 1: Non-systematic\n		Stand-alone reviews\n		Systematic stand-alone reviews\n			Systematic stand-alone reviews – scientific\n			Non-systematic stand-alone reviews\n		Writing a non-systematic stand-alone review – the steps\n			1 Formulate the research question\n			2 Screening – the inclusion and exclusion criteria\n			3 Searching the literature\n			4 Synthesising\n		Structure\n	Chapter 2: Stand-alone Literature Reviews 2: Systematic\n		How to do a systematic review – the seven steps\n			1 The research question\n			2 Planning your search\n			3 Searching and screening\n			4 Deciding what sources to use\n				4.1 Extracting the data\n				4.2 Assessing the quality\n			5 Planning your review – synthesis\n		Quantitative synthesis – meta-analysis\n		Qualitative synthesis – narrative synthesis\n		The steps\n			6 Writing the first draft\n			7 Editing\n		Structure\n	Chapter 3: Literature Reviews for Dissertations and Theses\n		Integrated reviews\n		Gaps\n		Originality\n		Generating your own ideas\n		Writing a literature review for a dissertation or thesis – the steps\n			1 Generating your own ideas\n			2 Finding a research question\n			3 Searching the literature\n			4 Processing the ideas\n			5 Planning your review\n			6 Writing the first draft\n			7 Editing\n		Getting the structure right\nPart 2: Searching Your Sources\n	Chapter 4: How to Generate Your Own Ideas\n		The problem is the problem\n		The questioning approach – trigger questions\n		Compiling a checklist\n		The power of questions\n		Perspectives and levels\n		A powerful ideas generator\n		Question: How will local people be affected?\n			Perspectives\n			Levels\n		Possible research projects\n	Chapter 5: Finding a Research Question\n		Finding an argument\n		The research question\n			1 Ontological assumptions\n			2 Epistemological assumptions\n		Knowing what to look for in the literature\n		An iterative process\n		Searching the literature\n			The title\n			Treasure hunting\n			Mapping out the territory\n				1. What has been done before?\n				2. What information is available?\n				3. What gaps are there in the research?\n		Stand-alone reviews\n		Reviews for dissertations and theses\n	Chapter 6: How to Search\n		Retrieval system\n			1 Impromptu moments\n			2 While you’re searching\n				The snowball effect\n		Sources\n			1 Books\n			2 Journal articles\n			3 Published literature reviews\n			4 Grey literature\n			5 Websites\n			6 Hand searching journals\n		Efficient searching\n			1 Don’t confuse the search with the review\n			2 Be clear about what you’re looking for\n			3 Don’t get bogged down\n			4 Don’t get diverted into irrelevant areas\n		The steps\n			1 Search the library catalogues\n			2 Check there’s enough up-to-date material\n				Web updates\n				Libraries and librarians\n		Keeping records\n		Recording your searches\n	Chapter 7: Searching the Internet\n		1 General search engines\n			Google tools\n		2 Specialised databases\n		3 Open access sources\n		4 University libraries\n		5 Expert advice\n		Search parameters\n			Boolean operators\n		How reliable are your sources?\n			1 What are the author’s credentials? Is he or she well-respected in the field?\n			2 How accurate is the document?\n			3 How up-to-date is the document?\n			4 Who publishes it?\n			5 Can you detect bias?\n			6 Are there reliable signs of the quality of the document?\n			7 What do others say about the page and the site?\nPart 3: Processing Ideas\n	Chapter 8: Critically Evaluating Your Sources 1: The Arguments\n		Surface-level processing\n		Deep-level processing\n		Common problems\n		Critically evaluating the literature\n		Analysing and synthesising ideas\n		Arguments – are they valid?\n			1 Components\n			2 Connections\n		Check the qualifiers\n		Distributing terms in an argument\n		Converting claims\n		Affirming and denying\n			Fallacies\n				1. Denying the antecedent\n				2. Affirming the consequent\n			Necessary and sufficient conditions\n	Chapter 9: Critically Evaluating Your Sources 2: The Evidence and Language\n		Evidence\n			1 Does the author have enough reliable evidence?\n				Untypical examples and insufficient or weighted evidence\n			2 Does the author represent the evidence accurately?\n			3 Does the author draw reliable inferences from it?\n				Analogies\n		Oversimplifying\n			1 Stereotypes\n			2 The straw man\n			3 Special pleading\n			4 The fallacy of false dilemma\n		Invalid causal inferences\n			1 The post hoc fallacy\n			2 Cause/correlation\n			3 Multiple and underlying causes\n			4 Does the author draw relevant inferences from the evidence?\n		Language\n			1 Is the author’s meaning clear?\n				Jargon\n				Loaded language\n				Begging the question\n			2 Does the author use words consistently?\n				The fallacy of equivocation\n	Chapter 10: Analysing Concepts 1: Finding Connections Between Ideas\n		What are concepts?\n		Concepts – the driving force within your research\n		Words are just the vehicle for the concept\n		Creating and analysing concepts\n		Open and closed concepts\n			1 Closed concepts\n			2 Open concepts\n			Step 1: Gather your typical examples\n				1. How do I use the concept?\n				2. What sort of thing am I referring to?\n				3. How does it differ from similar things?\n			Step 2: Analyse your examples\n		Original ideas – new ways of tackling a problem\n	Chapter 11: Analysing Concepts 2: Adapting Structures of Ideas\n		The four strategies\n			Strategy 1: Change the structure\n				1 Split it up\n				2 Rearrange it\n				3 Reinterpret it\n			Strategy 2: Approach it from a different direction\n				1 Turn it upside down\n				2 Inside out\n				3 Back to front\n			Strategy 3: Start from a different point\n			Strategy 4: Create a new structure\n				1 Combine structures\n				2 Change the basic concepts\n	Chapter 12: Synthesis: Creating Patterns and Finding Gaps\n		Common problems\n		A practical method\n			1 Connect\n			2 Insight\n			3 Hypothesis\n			4 Test\n			5 Adapt\n		Managing ideas\nPart 4: Organising Your Work\n	Chapter 13: Managing Your Time\n		Being in control\n		Early warning checks\n		Motivation\n		The steps\n			1 A typical week\n			2 Planning your timetable\n			3 The time available for the review\n			4 Listing the tasks\n			5 Allocating hours to each task\n			6 Stage deadlines\n		Sessions with supervisors\n			7 Keeping to your schedule\n		Writing\n			8 Constant checks\n		Maintaining control\n	Chapter 14: Managing Your Material\n		1 Keeping a record of your searches\n			Flowchart\n			Reference management software\n		2 Recording your ideas\n			1 Notebook\n			2 Journal\n			3 Card index\n			4 Slip notes\n			5 Project box\n		Resolving an inherent contradiction\n	Chapter 15: Reading\n		1 Reading only what we have to\n			Reliability\n				The author\n				The source\n			Relevance\n				Reading purposefully\n		2 Reading in the most efficient way\n			Books\n			Journal articles\n			Using our reading skills flexibly\n			Processing ideas – reading actively\n			Writing in response to what you read\n			Multiple readings\n				Reading for comprehension\n				Reading for analysis and structure\n				Reading for criticism and evaluation\n	Chapter 16: Note-Taking\n		Flexibility\n		Note-taking strategies\n			1 Linear notes\n			2 Matrixes\n				Electronic forms of note-taking\n			3 Time lines\n			4 Pattern notes\n				Working faster and more creatively\nPart 5: Planning Your Review\n	Chapter 17: Deciding Which Sources to Use\n		Synopsis – creating ‘background’\n			1 No link between the review and your research project\n			2 The struggle to decide what’s relevant\n			3 Managing the material and your time\n		How to decide what sources are relevant\n			Stand-alone reviews\n			Reviews for dissertations and theses\n		How to choose\n			1 Abilities – how am I going to use it?\n		Integrating your sources into your review\n			1 Synthesising the ideas\n			2 Analysing the implications of sources\n			3 Critically evaluating sources\n			2 Content – how is it useful?\n		Using the criteria\n	Chapter 18: Planning the Review\n		The benefits of planning\n			1 Reduces stress and confusion\n			2 Thinking about the details\n			3 Confidence\n		Planning the different types of review\n			Stand-alone reviews\n			Integrated reviews\n		Reviews for empirical dissertations and theses\n		Planning your review\n			1 The context\n			2 Your own contribution\n			3 From the general to the specific texts\n			4 Filling it out\n			5 Direct lead\n		The structure\n			1 The introduction\n			2 Methodology\n			3 Findings\n				1 Thematic\n				2 Chronological\n			4 Discussion and conclusion\n			5 References\n	Chapter 19: Integrating Your Review with Other Chapters\n		New ideas and publications\n		Rewriting the plan\n			1 Defending a position\n			2 Over theorising\n		Tying the review in with other chapters\n		Theoretical, text-based dissertations and theses\n		Empirical dissertations and theses\n			1 Introduction\n			2 Methodology\n			3 Research findings\n			4 The discussion\n			5 The conclusion\n		The effects of integrating your review\n		Making the ideas your own\nPart 6: Writing Your Review\n	Chapter 20: Discussing the Literature\n		Research: assessing your ability to think\n		Discussing your sources\n		An argument can be a mixture of fact, value and concept. So we have to be able to analyse it and identify what it is before we can decide how to critically evaluate it. The author may have presented the argument as exclusively about facts, whereas i\n		Verifiable value judgements\n		No objective criterion\n		Similarities and dissimilarities\n	Chapter 21: The First Draft\n		1 Writing\n			Write early in your notebook and journal\n			Start your first draft early\n			Write freely\n			Your own voice\n		2 A clear rationale that makes coherent sense\n			Transitions\n			Logical indicators\n			Section transitions\n			Integrated reviews\n	Chapter 22: Finding Your Own Voice\n		The anonymous reader\n		Asserting your own voice\n		Meaning is what your words actually forbid\n		Objectivity\n		Avoiding potential problems\n		Writing as lightly as you can\n	Chapter 23: Style: Simplicity and Economy\n		Sentences\n			Punctuation\n		Words\n		Settling for ‘near enough’\n		Rely on strong nouns and verbs to carry your meaning\n			Verbs\n			Nouns\n		Replace prepositional phrases with prepositions\n		Complex and technical subjects\n		Jargon immunises ideas from criticism and evaluation\n	Chapter 24: Finding the Right Words\n		Practical solutions\n		De-cluttering\n		Strong nouns and verbs\n		Qualifiers\n		Transitions\n		Compound transitions\nPart 7: Using Your Sources\n	Chapter 25: Plagiarism\n		Why do we need to avoid it?\n		What is plagiarism exactly?\n		How can we distinguish between what needs to be cited and what doesn’t?\n		Distinctive contribution\n		Common knowledge\n		The six-point code\n		Avoiding plagiarism\n			Record borrowed material in a different way or place\n			Record the details of sources prominently\n	Chapter 26: Citing Your Sources\n		Conventions\n		Three elements\n		Extracts\n		The marker and the details\n		Footnote system\n		The Harvard system – the Author-Date system\n		Using your sources\n		Synthesising sources\n		Bibliographies\n		Listing the sources – the formats\n		Electronic references\n		Software\nPART 8: Editing\n	Chapter 27: Revision 1: Structure\n		Revising for your reader\n		Shifting our focus from the writer to the editor\n		Revise with a purpose\n		Structure\n		The steps\n			The connections between our paragraphs\n			The structure within paragraphs\n		The final check\n	Chapter 28: Revision 2: Content\n		The steps\n			1 Spelling\n				Confusions\n				Mistakes\n				Getting it right\n			2 Grammar\n			3 Words and sentences\n			4 De-cluttering\n				Strong nouns and verbs\n				The active voice\n			5 Reading it out aloud\n				Changing the pace\n		The final checks\n			Loose ends\n			Up-to-date literature\n			Citations and plagiarism\n			Word count\nConclusion\n	Thinking for yourself\n	The significance of the review\n	A passion for ideas\nBibliography\nIndex