How Revolutionary Were the Bourgeois Revolutions?

About the Author......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
A Note on the Reproductions......Page 7
Preface......Page 10
ONE Prehistory: Insights and Limitations......Page 20
1 - The Concept of “Revolution”: From Tradition to Modernity......Page 21
Experience, Consciousness, and Concepts......Page 22
Revolution as Tradition: The Cycle of Constitutions......Page 26
Revolution as Modernity: Progress, Resistance, and Property......Page 30
2 - Interpreting the English Revolutions: Hobbes, Harrington, and Locke......Page 37
Harrington Discovers the Social Revolution......Page 42
Locke and the Retreat into Ideology......Page 50
The Disadvantages of Intellectual Priority......Page 53
3 - Stages of Development: French Physiocrats and the Scottish Historical School......Page 55
The Ambiguities of the Physiocrats......Page 56
Scotland: Theorizing Revolution from Above......Page 58
Inventing “Commercial Society”......Page 60
Rethinking “Feudalism”......Page 63
Between Feudalism and Commercial Society......Page 64
4 - The American Theory of Political Revolution......Page 72
The Absence of Feudalism in the United States......Page 73
Sons of 1688......Page 75
5 - The Contradictions of the French Revolution (1): Barnave and His Contemporaries......Page 80
Barnave Rediscovers the Social Revolution......Page 82
Roederer: Industrial Capitalist and Revolutionary Bourgeois......Page 85
From Smith to Burke: Ambivalence to Apologetics......Page 88
Burke and the Bourgeois Threat to Capitalist Stability......Page 92
Anti-Burke......Page 97
The Counterrevolution in British Political Theory......Page 101
7 - The Bourgeoisie and the Concept of Social Revolution: From Consolidation to Abdication......Page 105
Bourgeois Metaphysicians versus the Industrial Classes......Page 107
The Climax of a Theoretical Tradition......Page 109
“Bad Conscience and Evil Intent”: Bourgeois Intellectuals in Retreat......Page 117
Tocqueville as Exception......Page 121
TWO Origins, Developments, Orthodoxy......Page 126
8 - Marx and Engels (1) 1843–47: Between Enlightenment and Historical Materialism......Page 127
From Political to Social Revolution......Page 132
From Social Revolution to the Forces and Relations of Production......Page 141
A Note on Terminology......Page 146
9 - Marx and Engels (2) 1847–52: The Bourgeois Revolution in Theory and Practice......Page 148
An International Process of Bourgeois Consolidation......Page 150
The Transformation of Society......Page 153
Ideology and Consciousness of the Revolutionary Bourgeoisie......Page 154
The Origins of Permanent Revolution......Page 159
Bourgeois Revolution and the “Nonhistoric Peoples”......Page 163
Forces of Production, Relations of Production, and the Superstructure......Page 167
The Nonrevolutionary Bourgeoisie as Rule and Exception......Page 173
Nonhistoricity and the Contradictions of Progress......Page 185
11 - Classical Marxism (1) 1889–1905: Bourgeois Revolution in the Social Democratic Worldview......Page 196
Social Democracy and the Diffusion of Marxist Theory......Page 198
Radical Traditions, Democracy, and “the People”......Page 200
Capitalism as a Universal Stage in Social Development......Page 205
The General Context......Page 213
Lenin and the “Bourgeois-Democratic” Revolution......Page 216
Trotsky: Permanent Revolution Reloaded......Page 229
Lenin and Trotsky Reconciled?......Page 240
The Regressions of Orthodoxy......Page 250
The Future of the Bourgeois Revolution in the East......Page 257
13 - The Emergence of Orthodoxy: 1924–40......Page 263
Politics: The Revival of Stages Theory......Page 264
History: Models and Traditions......Page 277
14 - Classical Marxism (3) 1924–40: Rethinking Bourgeois Revolution—Strategy, History, Tradition......Page 290
Wagering on Revolution......Page 295
“Uneven and Combined Development”......Page 299
“Passive Revolution”......Page 323
“The Tradition of the Oppressed”......Page 338
THREE Revisions, Reconstructions, Alternatives......Page 344
15 - Revisionism: The Bourgeois Revolutions Did Not Take Place......Page 345
Origins and Development......Page 351
Ascendancy and Climax......Page 370
Orthodox Responses to Revisionism......Page 379
16 - From Society to Politics; from Event to Process......Page 382
A Succession of Political Revolutions?......Page 388
Endless Restructuring of Capitalism?......Page 393
17 - “The Capitalist World-System”......Page 397
Abolishing Modes of Production......Page 406
18 - “Capitalist Social Property Relations”......Page 409
The Brenner Thesis......Page 411
Critique: Theory and History......Page 420
Implications for the Theory of Bourgeois Revolution......Page 431
Prospects and Results......Page 439
Cliff on the Contemporary Form of the Bourgeois Revolution......Page 457
The Reemergence of a Consequentialist General Theory......Page 476
FOUR The Specificity of the Bourgeois Revolutions......Page 494
20 - Between Two Social Revolutions......Page 495
Political Revolutions, Social Revolutions, and Varieties of Class Struggle......Page 499
From Slavery to Feudalism, from Capitalism to Socialism......Page 506
21 - Preconditions for an Era of Bourgeois Revolution......Page 515
The Actuality of the Feudal Crisis......Page 520
The Possibility of a Capitalist Alternative......Page 526
The Structural Capacities of Precapitalist States......Page 547
The Bourgeoisie as a Revolutionary Leadership......Page 559
The First Ideology of Transformation......Page 572
Necessary Outcomes......Page 583
The Moment of Systemic Irreversibility......Page 588
Toward International Structural Adaptation (1): The Uniqueness of the French Revolution......Page 594
Toward International Structural Adaptation (2): From Revolution to Reform......Page 606
The End of an Era......Page 625
Is There a Future for Permanent Revolution?......Page 628
Epilogue: Reflections in a Scottish Cemetery......Page 639
Bibliography......Page 664
Notes......Page 753