How Open Source Ate Software: Understand the Open Source Movement and So Much More

Table of Contents......Page 5
About the Author......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 15
Introduction......Page 16
In the Beginning......Page 18
Ah, Unix......Page 19
No More Free Lunches?......Page 20
PCs Were a Different Culture......Page 22
Breaking Community......Page 23
Free Software Enters the Fray......Page 24
Establishing the Foundations of Free......Page 25
Vertical Silos Everywhere......Page 26
Silos Turn On Their Side......Page 27
Microsoft Swings for the Fences......Page 29
Windows NT Poised to Take It All......Page 30
From Scale-Up to Scale-Out......Page 31
Enter Linux......Page 32
Linux Grows in Popularity......Page 33
Was Linux Inevitable?......Page 34
A New Enterprise IT Model......Page 36
Build or Buy?......Page 37
Disrupting the Status Quo......Page 38
The Rise of Ecosystems......Page 40
Breaking Up Monoliths......Page 41
Linux and Open Source Had Arrived......Page 42
Words Matter......Page 44
The Coining of “Open Source”......Page 45
Pragmatism and Commercialism......Page 46
Projects vs. Products......Page 47
Upstream and Downstream......Page 48
Projects and Products Depend on Each Other......Page 49
Supporting the Complete Life Cycle......Page 50
Securing Open Source......Page 51
Business as Usual: Patch and Automate......Page 52
Does Code Help the Bad Guys?......Page 53
Or Is “Many Eyes” the Secret Sauce?......Page 54
Thinking Differently About Risk......Page 55
Securing the Supply Chain......Page 56
Enter DevSecOps......Page 57
What Is DevSecOps?......Page 58
Trusting the Cloud......Page 59
The Promise of Machine Learning......Page 61
How Do You Get Started?......Page 62
How Copyright Works......Page 63
Can Software Be Copyrighted?......Page 64
Open Source Software Is Copyrighted Too......Page 65
How Do Works Get into the Public Domain?......Page 66
Public Domain Alternatives......Page 67
Licensing (Probably) Isn’t Necessary......Page 68
So Why Licensing?......Page 69
Do You Have to Give Back or Not?......Page 70
Protecting the Commons......Page 71
Permissive Licenses Gain......Page 72
Driving Participation Is the Key......Page 73
Who Can Use It?......Page 74
Ethical Licenses......Page 75
The License Isn’t the Goal......Page 76
What Are Your Policies?......Page 77
Trademarks......Page 78
What’s in a Name?......Page 79
Project or Product......Page 80
Trademark Ownership and Registration......Page 81
The Power of Trademark......Page 83
Patent Claims......Page 84
Are You Infringing?......Page 85
Creating Patent Pools......Page 86
Patents and Licensing......Page 87
When Does It Matter?......Page 88
Open Source Is Also About Development......Page 90
Central vs. Distributed Control......Page 91
A Caveat......Page 92
Participating in Open Source Projects......Page 93
Starting an Open Source Project......Page 94
Doubling Down an Existing Open Source Project......Page 95
Creating an Open Source Program Office......Page 97
Models for Governing Projects......Page 100
Who Decides?......Page 101
Benevolent Dictator for Life......Page 102
Meritocracy......Page 103
Separating Technical and Business Decisions......Page 104
Open First......Page 105
Open Governance......Page 106
Committers......Page 108
Contributors......Page 109
Why You Should Think About More Than Coders......Page 110
Users Get Involved......Page 111
How to Encourage New Contributors......Page 112
Holding Onto Control: An Anti-pattern......Page 113
Mentoring......Page 114
The Importance of Culture......Page 115
Quick Responses......Page 116
Modular Beats Monoliths......Page 117
The Limits of Being Together......Page 118
Best Practices for Distributed Teams......Page 119
It’s About People......Page 120
The Limits of Virtual......Page 121
Measuring Something Changes It......Page 123
What Actually Matters?......Page 124
What Does the Number Mean?......Page 125
Understand Softer Aspects of Community......Page 126
It’s a Bit of a Free-for-All......Page 128
Community Makes It Work......Page 129
Why the Development Model Matters......Page 130
The Machine That Drives Open Source......Page 131
Innovation Through Collective Invention......Page 132
The Economics of Open......Page 133
The Advantages of Collaborative Innovation......Page 134
How Knowledge Gets Shared......Page 135
The Limits of Communication......Page 136
How Communication Affects Software Structure......Page 138
How Contributors Interact in Open Source......Page 139
How Participants Get Started......Page 141
Onboarding and Mentoring......Page 142
Extrinsic Motivation......Page 143
Intrinsic Motivation......Page 145
What Lessons Can We Learn?......Page 146
Why Measure?......Page 147
The Limits of Direct Measures......Page 148
Measurements at Cross-Purposes......Page 149
Understanding Community Health......Page 150
Twelve Areas to Assess......Page 151
A Broader View of Health......Page 153
Reflecting and Informing......Page 155
How Can You Sell Something That You Give Away?......Page 156
Categories of Business Models......Page 158
Getting the Balance Right......Page 159
What Does This Mean for Open Source?......Page 160
Open Core vs. Open Source......Page 161
Are You Taking Advantage of Open Source Development?......Page 162
The Rise of the Independent Software Vendor......Page 163
Open Source Support Arrives......Page 164
Linux Distributions Appear......Page 165
Focusing on Core Competencies......Page 166
Aligning Incentives with Subscriptions......Page 167
From Competition to Coopetition......Page 168
Why Coopetition Has Grown......Page 169
Coopetition and Standards......Page 171
The Need for Speed......Page 172
The Consumerization of IT......Page 173
The DevOps Origin Story......Page 174
Abstractions to Separate Concerns......Page 176
Site Reliability Engineers......Page 177
Platforms and Tooling......Page 178
Process......Page 179
Iteration, Experimentation, and Failure......Page 180
Scope......Page 181
Culture......Page 182
Changing Culture......Page 183
Pervasive Open Source......Page 184
The IT Industry Has Changed......Page 186
The Rise of the Cloud......Page 187
The Amazon Web Services Story......Page 188
Is the Public Cloud the Only Future?......Page 191
Distributing Computing to the (Many) Edges......Page 192
Why Distribute......Page 193
What the Changed Environment Means for Open Source......Page 195
On the Device......Page 196
The New Bundles......Page 197
Users Want Convenience......Page 199
Projects......Page 201
Profit and Broader Value......Page 202
Software Is Generally Devaluing......Page 203
It’s Always Been a Bigger Problem with Open Source......Page 204
Centers of Gravity Shift......Page 205
Is This a Problem?......Page 206
Food for Thought......Page 207
Ecosystems Matter......Page 209
It’s Not Just About the Code......Page 212
Chapter 8: Open Source Opportunities and Challenges......Page 213
Value from Data......Page 214
An Open Map......Page 215
Transparency Through Data......Page 216
Ownership of Data......Page 217
Maintaining Privacy......Page 218
Opening Information......Page 220
Wikipedia......Page 221
Independent Contribution......Page 222
MIT OpenCourseWare......Page 223
MOOCs......Page 224
Collaboration vs. Consumption......Page 226
RISC-V......Page 228
Ham Radio Kicks Off Maker Culture......Page 229
A Shift from Making......Page 230
The New Makers......Page 231
Opening Culture in Organizations......Page 233
Why Do Organizations Exist Anyway?......Page 234
Open Organizations......Page 235
Concluding Thoughts......Page 238
Culture Matters......Page 239
Index......Page 241