Hot and Cold Theory: The Path Towards Personalized Medicine (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1343)

Foreword
Preface
	Why did I Start This Project?
	Who is the Target Audience? How did I Select the Contributors?
	About the Book
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction: Hot and Cold Theory, the Path Towards Personalized Medicine
	Abstract
	References
Definitions and Beliefs
2 Principle of Hot and Cold and Its Clinical Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methods
	2.3 Case Presentation
	2.4 The Concept of Qi
	2.5 Yin and Yang Theory
	2.6 Five Elements
	2.7 The Concept of Heat and Cold in Chinese Medicine
		2.7.1 Cold and Heat According to Yin–Yang Theory
		2.7.2 Cold and Heat as Pathogenic Factors
		2.7.3 Cold and Heat, According to the Nature of the Herbs
		2.7.4 Cold and Heat in Acupuncture
	2.8 Discussion
	2.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Principle of Hot and Cold and Its Clinical Application in Persian Medicine
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methods
	3.3 Case Presentation
	3.4 History
	3.5 Definition
		3.5.1 Elements
		3.5.2 The Concept of Mizaj
	3.6 Types of Mizaj
	3.7 Identification of Mizaj
	3.8 Factors Affecting Mizaj
		3.8.1 Age
		3.8.2 Gender
		3.8.3 Seasons
		3.8.4 Region
		3.8.5 Foods
		3.8.6 Drugs
	3.9 Role of Mizaj in Disease Prevention and Treatment
		3.9.1 Climate
		3.9.2 Food and Drink
		3.9.3 Sleep and Wakefulness
		3.9.4 Body Movement and Repose
		3.9.5 Mental and Emotional States
		3.9.6 Retention of Healthy Matters and Excretion of Waste Matters
		3.9.7 Role of Mizaj in Disease Diagnosis and Classification
		3.9.8 Mizaj Diagnostic Tools
		3.9.9 Case Discussion
	3.10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Principle of Hot (Ushna) and Cold (Sheeta) and Its Clinical Application in Ayurvedic Medicine
	Abstract
	4.1 Ayurveda and Its Fundamentals: A Brief Introduction
	4.2 Methods
	4.3 Theory of Panchamahabhuta and Tridosha
	4.4 The Emergence of Hot and Cold as a Cause of Disease and Treatment Modalities
	4.5 Principle of Opposing Therapies
		4.5.1 Therapeutic Applications of Heat and Cold in Ayurveda: The External Usage
		4.5.2 Therapeutic Applications of Heat and Cold in Ayurveda: Internal Usage
	4.6 Human Prakriti and Its Association with Sheeta and Ushna Properties
	4.7 Acquainting with Hot and Cold Precepts: Examples from Ayurvedic Clinical Practice
	4.8 Translational Value of Ushna and Sheeta in Disease Diagnosis and Management: A Few Case Examples
	4.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Textual References
	References
5 Principle of Hot and Cold and Its Clinical Application in Latin American and Caribbean Medicines
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Methods
	5.3 Case Presentation
	5.4 Hot and Cold Concepts in Latin American and Caribbean Medicines
	5.5 Hot and Cold in Healthy Individuals
		5.5.1 Body Humors, Heat and Cold
		5.5.2 Pregnancy, Delivery, and Postpartum
		5.5.3 Childhood and Adulthood
	5.6 Hot and Cold Maladies
	5.7 Hot and Cold Foods
	5.8 Medicines from Hot to Cold
	5.9 Discussion
	5.10 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Scientific Evidence
6 Hot and Cold Theory: Evidence in Nutrition
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methods
	6.3 ‘Hot’ and ‘Cold’ Natured Properties of Food
		6.3.1 Traditional Classifications of ‘Heating’ and ‘Cooling’ Properties of Food
		6.3.2 Applications of Dietary Therapy for the Maintenance of Health and Disease Management
			6.3.2.1 Applications of Dietary Therapy for Health Maintenance
			6.3.2.2 Applications of Dietary Therapy for the Management of Disease
	6.4 Scientific Evaluations of the ‘Heating’ and ‘Cooling’ Nature of Foods
		6.4.1 Food Compositions and Their Associations with ‘Hot’ or ‘Cold’ Properties
			6.4.1.1 Nutritional Content and Chemical Composition
			6.4.1.2 Acidity and Alkalinity
		6.4.2 In-vitro and In-vivo Studies Exploring Physiological Effects
			6.4.2.1 Autonomic Nervous and Endocrine System Impacts
			6.4.2.2 Pro- and Anti-inflammatory and Oxidative Effects
		6.4.3 Summary
	6.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Hot and Cold Theory: Evidence in Pharmacology
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methods
	7.3 Hot and Cold Medicinal Plants: Pharmacological Evidence
		7.3.1 Hot-Tempered Plants
			7.3.1.1 Cinnamon
			7.3.1.2 Garlic
			7.3.1.3 Ginger
			7.3.1.4 Pepper
		7.3.2 Cold-Tempered Plants
			7.3.2.1 Cannabis
			7.3.2.2 Lettuce
			7.3.2.3 Purslane
			7.3.2.4 Thorn Apple
	7.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Hot and Cold Theory: Evidence in Physiology
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Methods
	8.3 An Overview on the Research About Hot–Cold Theory Based on Body Systems
		8.3.1 Cells and Organs
		8.3.2 Membrane Physiology, Nerves, and Muscles
		8.3.3 The Circulatory System
		8.3.4 Body Fluids and Kidneys
		8.3.5 Blood Cells and Immunity
		8.3.6 The Respiratory System
		8.3.7 The Nervous System
		8.3.8 Gastrointestinal Physiology
		8.3.9 Metabolism and Temperature Regulation
		8.3.10 Endocrinology
		8.3.11 Female Physiology
		8.3.12 Sport’s Physiology
	8.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Hot and Cold Theory: Evidence in Systems Biology
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methods
	9.3 Hot and Cold Theory in the Light of Systems Biology in TCM Studies
		9.3.1 TCM Syndrome-Based Diagnosis and Therapy Classification
		9.3.2 TCM Constitution-Based Studies
		9.3.3 TCM Systems Pharmacology
	9.4 Hot and Cold Theory in the Light of Systems Biology in Humoral Medicine Studies
	9.5 Hot and Cold Theory in the Light of Systems Biology in Ayurvedic Studies
	9.6 Latin American and Caribbean Medicines in the Light of Systems Biology Studies
	9.7 Korean Medicine (Sasang Constitutional Medicine) in the Light of Systems Biology Studies
	9.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Perspective
10 Hot and Cold Theory: A Personalized Medicine Approach
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Biological Basis of Hot and Cold Theory in Traditional Medicine
	10.3 Drugs with Hot and Cold Nature in Traditional Medicine
	10.4 Discussion and Future Perspective
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Hot and Cold Theory: Future Perspective
	Abstract
	11.1 Hot and Cold Theory; Science and Pseudoscience Classification
	11.2 Holistic Approach
	11.3 Personalized Approach
	11.4 Future Research
	References