Horticultural Reviews, Volume 43

Content: Contributors ix   Dedication: Chad E. Finn xii John R. Clark    1. Light-Emitting Diodes in Horticulture 1 Cary A. Mitchell, Michael P. Dzakovich, Celina Gomez, Roberto Lopez, John F. Burr, Richardo Hernandez, Chieri Kubota, Christopher J. Currey, Quingwu Meng, Erik S. Runkle, Christopher M. Bourget, Robert C. Morrow, and Arend J. Both    I. Introduction 5    II. Properties of LEDs 6    III. Design Considerations 11    IV. Historical Overview of LED Use in Horticulture 16    V. Summary of Plant Experiments in Space with LEDs 18    VI. Horticultural Applications of LEDs 19    VII. LED Lighting and Plant Health 60    VIII. LEDs and Light Pollution 62    IX. LED Light Distribution Issues 63    X. LED Environmental and Health Issues 65    XI. Adoption of LED Technology by Horticultural Industries 66    XII. The Future of Plant Applications for LEDs 72    Literature Cited 73    2. Chayote: Pre-Columbian Origins and Dispersal 89 Fernando A. Moreira    I. Introduction 91    II. Botany and Horticulture 91    III. Linguistic History of Chayote 97    IV. Metaphor and Ethnography 120    V. Mesoamerican Distribution of Chayote 124    VI. Archaeology and Iconography 127    VII. Folk Taxonomy 131    VIII. Conclusion 135    Acknowledgments 137    Literature Cited 137    3. Ragwort: Invasive Weed and Potential Pharmaceutical 145 Catherina M. O   Keeffe, Gary W. Stutte, and Michelle McKeon-Bennett    I. Introduction 146    II. Botany 148    III. Chemistry 155    IV. Control Measures 163    V. Commercial Potential 168    VI. Conclusions 172    Literature Cited 174    4. Advances and Trends in Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming Research 185 Martine Dorais and Beatrix Alsanius    I. Principles, History, and Standards of Organic Horticulture 187    II. Global Expansion of Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 190    III. Published Research on Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming 194    IV. Benefits of Organic Horticulture 197    V. Constraint of Organic Horticulture 214    VI. Proposed Research Area for Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 233    VII. Conclusion 238    Literature Cited 239    5. Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution 269 Donald A. Rakow and Sharon A. Lee    I. Introduction 271    II. Ancient Roots 272    III. Hortus Conclusus: Precursor of the Hortus Botanicus 274    IV. The Rise of Botanical Studies 276    V. European Botanical Gardens 277    VI. Botanical Gardens in Great Britain 285    VII. Botanical Gardens in the United States 292    VIII. The Future of the Botanical Garden 306    Literature Cited 308    6. The Future of Global Banana Production 311 Randy C. Ploetz and Edward A. Evans    I. Introduction 312    II. Origins, Taxonomy, and Production 313    III. Production, Trade, and Marketing 315    IV. Past and Current Threats to Production 320    V. Banana Diseases and Pests 321    VI. An Outlook for Future Production 341    Literature Cited 343    Subject Index 353    Cumulative Subject Index 355    Cumulative Contributor Index 389