Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates - Vol 4: Birds

Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates Volume 4: Birds
......Page 2
Copyright
......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates Preface to the Series......Page 5
Preface to Volume 4 Birds......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Introduction......Page 8
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary System (HPS)......Page 9
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)......Page 10
Gonadotropin-inhibiting Hormone (GnIH)......Page 12
Regulation of Ovulation......Page 14
Mechanisms and Pathways Regulating Prolactin (PRL) Secretion......Page 15
Seasonal Reproduction in Birds......Page 16
Seasonal Changes in Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)......Page 18
Biological Clock......Page 19
Melatonin (MEL)......Page 20
Thyroid Hormones......Page 21
Future Research Directions......Page 22
References......Page 23
Central Mechanisms Regulating Testicular Development......Page 33
Leydig Cells......Page 34
Spermatogenesis......Page 35
Seasonal Testicular Regression and Programmed Cell Death......Page 36
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)......Page 37
Gonadotropin-inhibiting Hormone (GnIH)......Page 42
Melatonin (MEL)......Page 43
Glucocorticoids and Metabolic Hormones......Page 44
An Avian Androgen-binding Protein?......Page 45
Precipitation......Page 46
Food......Page 48
Migratory vs. sedentary species......Page 49
Social cues......Page 50
Body size and age......Page 51
Testosterone (T), mating systems, and geography......Page 52
Theories of Sperm Competition......Page 53
Negative Consequences of Large Testes......Page 54
Hybridization and Infertility......Page 55
Introduced Species......Page 56
Climate Change......Page 57
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 58
References......Page 60
The Avian Ovary......Page 77
Organization of the Embryonic Ovary......Page 78
Postembryonic Development of the Ovary......Page 79
Protein hormones......Page 80
Steroids and steroidogenesis......Page 82
Innate and adaptive immunity in ovarian tissues......Page 83
Environmental Cues Mediating Ovarian Growth......Page 84
Ovulation-Oviposition Cycles......Page 85
Follicular Development......Page 86
Primordial Follicular Reserve and Initial Recruitment......Page 87
Follicular Selection......Page 88
Preovulatory Follicular Growth and Final Differentiation......Page 89
Ovulation......Page 90
Follicular Atresia......Page 91
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 92
References......Page 93
Introduction: Importance of the topic and outline......Page 97
Which Hormones?......Page 98
What Determines Hormone Levels in Eggs?......Page 99
Hormone Production......Page 100
Differential Regulation of Yolk and Circulating Levels......Page 101
Time until hatching and growth......Page 102
Metabolic rate......Page 106
Sex allocation......Page 107
Coloration, morphology, and song......Page 108
Endocrine system......Page 109
Other Yolk Hormones......Page 110
Activational and Organizational Effects......Page 111
Hormone Metabolism......Page 112
Embryonic Vs. Maternal Hormones......Page 113
Functional and evolutionary aspects......Page 114
Laying order and sibling competition......Page 115
Egg quality......Page 117
Sex......Page 118
Social interactions......Page 119
Food......Page 120
Female quality......Page 121
Parasite exposure......Page 122
Conclusion......Page 123
Parent-Offspring Conflict and Coadaptation......Page 124
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 125
References......Page 126
Allostasis......Page 134
Pace-of-life......Page 135
Pace-of-life and Brood Value......Page 136
Parental Care and Within-breeding-season Regulation......Page 139
`Latitudinal' Regulation ofnbspGlucocorticoids (GCs)......Page 141
Morphology......Page 143
Immune function......Page 144
Singing and territorial behavior......Page 146
Direct Fitness Metrics......Page 147
Survival......Page 148
Tradeoffs?......Page 149
References......Page 150
Steroid hormones synchronize courtship and mating behaviors with reproductive physiology and environmental factors......Page 157
Environmental and social stimuli influence male testosterone (T)......Page 158
Many testosterone (T) effects on male courtship and copulation are mediated by its metabolites......Page 159
Progestogens and female sexual behavior......Page 161
Brain Regions Involved in Social and Sexual Behavior......Page 162
Androgen receptors (ARs)......Page 163
Androgen receptors (ARs) and estrogen receptors (ERs)......Page 164
Enzyme and Metabolite Distribution in Males......Page 165
Studies of aromatase (P450aro) reveal nontraditional steroid effects......Page 166
Enzyme and Metabolite Distribution in Females......Page 167
Steroid hormones act within the medial preoptic nucleus to regulate male sexual behavior......Page 168
Testosterone (T) stimulates male courtship song......Page 169
How Does Testosterone (T) Modulate Activity Within Regions Underlying Courtship and Copulation in Males?......Page 170
Pathways underlying vocal self-stimulation in ring doves......Page 172
Neuroendocrine regulation of female sexually motivated responses to courtship song......Page 173
How Does 17ß-estradiol (E2) Modulate Activity Within Regions Underlying Female Responses to Male Courtship?......Page 174
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 175
References......Page 176
Introduction......Page 185
Hormonal Correlates-Sex Steroids......Page 186
Costs of Incubation and Parental Attentiveness......Page 187
Behavioral Patterns-Roles of the Sexes......Page 188
Brood-patch Formation......Page 189
Initiation and Maintenance of Incubation......Page 190
Regulation of Prolactin (PRL) Secretion......Page 192
The Altricial-Precocial Spectrum......Page 193
Hormonal Correlates of Posthatching Parental Behavior......Page 194
Parent-Chick Interactions......Page 195
Testosterone (T) and male parental behavior......Page 196
Effects of environmental stress on parental behavior-roles of corticosterone (CORT) and prolactin (PRL)......Page 197
Helpers at the Nest......Page 198
Future research......Page 199
References......Page 200
Life history and ecology of the subspecies of the white-crowned sparrow (zonotrichia leucophrys)......Page 208
Annual cycles of migratory and sedentary white-crowned sparrows......Page 209
Applying finite state machine theory to migration and breeding......Page 210
Timing migration and breeding cycles......Page 211
Photoperiodic Responsiveness and Patterns of Migration and Breeding......Page 212
Six Models Proposed by Lofts and Murton (1968)......Page 213
Photoinduction: Cue Responses......Page 214
Morphological Evidence for Separate Control Systems for Migration and Breeding......Page 215
Hyperphagia and fattening......Page 216
The enigmatic roles of the pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon......Page 217
Prolactin (PRL)......Page 218
Corticosterone (CORT)......Page 219
Hormone action of corticosterone (CORT)......Page 220
Flight-muscle hypertrophy......Page 221
Erythropoiesis......Page 222
Corticosterone (CORT)......Page 223
The migration modulation hypothesis......Page 224
Metabolic adjustments during fueling/flight cycles......Page 225
Latitude and photoperiod......Page 226
Lifecycles of Zonotrichia......Page 227
Photorefractoriness......Page 228
Hyperphagia and fattening......Page 229
Navigation and juvenile birds......Page 230
Acknowledgements......Page 231
References......Page 232
Introduction......Page 241
Impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)......Page 242
Modes of exposure in birds......Page 243
Avian Models......Page 244
Lifecycle and species differences in the timing of vulnerability to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)......Page 245
Discerning Effects in Altricial Birds as
Compared to Precocial Birds......Page 246
Discerning Effects in Precocial Birds......Page 247
Steroid- and Endocrine-disrupting Chemical (EDC)-sensitive Neural Centers and the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) Axis in Japanese Quail......Page 248
Observations in Wild Populations......Page 249
Laboratory Studies in Birds......Page 250
Methoxychlor (MXC)......Page 251
Endocrine-active phytochemicals (phytoestrogens)......Page 252
Thyroid-disrupting Compounds......Page 253
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Potential Thyroid Disruption......Page 254
Other considerations: effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on immune function and stress responses......Page 255
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 256
References......Page 257
Color Plates......Page 263
Species Index......Page 269
Subject Index......Page 271