Hormones and Behaviour: A Psychological Approach

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Diagrams......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Organisation of the nervous system......Page 13
Organisation of the brain......Page 14
Cerebral cortex......Page 15
Functions of the different lobes......Page 16
Parietal lobes......Page 17
The Limbic system......Page 18
The midbrain......Page 19
Communication systems......Page 20
Neurons......Page 21
Cell body (soma)......Page 22
Dendrites......Page 23
Electrical events within a neuron......Page 24
Chemical events within a neuron......Page 25
The action potential......Page 26
Conduction of the action potential......Page 27
Communication between neurons......Page 28
Acetylcholine (ACh)......Page 29
Adrenaline/noradrenaline......Page 30
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)......Page 31
Pharmacology of synapses......Page 32
Historical background......Page 34
What are hormones?......Page 36
Amino acids......Page 37
Androgens......Page 38
Corticoids......Page 40
Neurosteroids......Page 41
Hypothalamus and pituitary......Page 42
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)......Page 43
Somatostatin (SOM)......Page 44
Corticotropin-related peptides......Page 45
Glycoproteins......Page 46
Pineal gland......Page 47
Thyroid gland......Page 48
Pancreas......Page 49
Adrenal glands......Page 50
Female ovaries......Page 51
Male testes......Page 52
Mechanisms of hormone action......Page 53
Hormone regulation......Page 54
Bioassay......Page 55
Radioimmunoassay......Page 56
Salivary analyses......Page 57
Background......Page 60
John Hunter (1728–93)......Page 61
Adolph Berthold (1803–61)......Page 62
Hormones, brain and behaviour......Page 63
Complexity of the interrelationships......Page 64
What do we mean by ‘behaviour’?......Page 65
Activational......Page 68
Measuring organisational effects......Page 69
Dermatoglyphic measures......Page 70
Finger length ratio......Page 71
A re-evaluation of organisational versus activational effects......Page 73
Comparing humans and animals......Page 76
Removal......Page 78
Correlation......Page 79
4 Neurological effects of hormones......Page 81
Models of hormone effects......Page 82
Autoradiography......Page 83
Estrogen receptors......Page 84
Androgen receptors......Page 85
Adrenal hormone receptors......Page 86
Hormonal effects on neuronal activation......Page 88
Human studies......Page 89
Hormones and the hippocampus......Page 90
Hormonal effects on neurotransmitters......Page 93
Thyroid hormones and brain development......Page 94
Synthesising evidence for hormone–neuro interactions......Page 95
5 Typical sexual determination/differentiation......Page 97
Historical background......Page 98
Sexual determination/differentiation up to puberty......Page 99
From chromosomes to gonads......Page 100
From gonads to genitals......Page 101
Example: sexual differentiation in animals......Page 102
Mechanisms of hormone action......Page 104
The case of the spotted hyena......Page 105
Genes, gonads or local action?......Page 107
The role of ovarian steroids......Page 108
Models of hormone action......Page 110
Human psychosexual differentiation......Page 111
Sexual differentiation at puberty......Page 114
Body shape......Page 115
Bone metabolism......Page 116
The voice......Page 118
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)......Page 121
Gender identity and behaviour in CAH......Page 123
Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)......Page 125
Klinefelter syndrome (46,XXY)......Page 126
Gender identity and behaviour in IHH......Page 127
Gender identity and behaviour in TS......Page 128
Gender identity and behaviour in enzyme deficiency syndromes......Page 129
The case of John/Joan......Page 130
Summary of psychosexual differentiation in atypical groups......Page 131
Transsexuality......Page 133
Homosexuality......Page 135
Hormonal contributions to homosexuality......Page 137
Initial explanations......Page 138
The ‘big brother effect’......Page 141
Evidence from finger length ratios......Page 143
A developmental theory......Page 144
Neurohormonal theories......Page 145
The avian song centres......Page 147
The rodent hypothalamus......Page 149
Differentiation of the human brain......Page 151
Brain size/weight......Page 152
The hypothalamus......Page 153
Cerebral asymmetry......Page 154
Hormones and cerebral asymmetry......Page 156
An explanatory model?......Page 159
Prenatal testosterone and lateralisation......Page 162
An alternative theory......Page 163
8 Reproductive/sexual......Page 166
Animal sexual behaviours......Page 167
Hormones and sexual behaviours in male rodents......Page 170
Individual differences......Page 173
Hormones and sexual behaviours in female rodents......Page 175
Hormones and sexual behaviours in primates......Page 178
Human sexual behaviours......Page 180
Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal males......Page 182
Hormone administration in ‘normal’ males......Page 184
Testosterone replacement in elderly males......Page 187
Circulating hormone levels in normal adults......Page 188
The effects of sexual behaviours on hormone levels......Page 189
Hormones and female sexual behaviours......Page 191
Attractivity......Page 192
Proceptivity......Page 193
Receptivity......Page 196
The menopause, and hormone replacement......Page 199
The role of oxytocin......Page 201
9 Attachment/parental......Page 203
Social bonds in animals......Page 204
Hormones and social bonding in animals......Page 205
Individuals with social deficits......Page 208
Bonding behaviours in ‘normal’ individuals......Page 210
Heterosexual pair bonding......Page 212
Offspring–parent attachments......Page 216
Parent–offspring attachments......Page 218
Birds......Page 219
Mammals......Page 220
Precocial mammals......Page 221
Rodents......Page 222
Non-human primates......Page 223
Humans......Page 226
Rodents......Page 229
Non-human primates......Page 231
Humans......Page 232
Summary......Page 234
10 Aggressive/competitive......Page 236
The ‘challenge hypothesis’......Page 237
Seasonal variations in aggression......Page 238
Articial manipulation of testosterone levels......Page 241
Competition and androgen levels in animals......Page 242
The role of estrogen/aromatase......Page 244
Human aggression/competition......Page 245
Increases in aggression at puberty?......Page 246
Males respond to competition with an increase in testosterone?......Page 249
The ‘home advantage’......Page 252
The testosterone response to a challenge increases aggression?......Page 253
Aggressive dominance is associated with testosterone levels?......Page 255
Personality......Page 257
Organisational effects......Page 258
Conclusions......Page 259
What do we mean by cognitive processing?......Page 260
Animal studies......Page 261
Evidence from 2D:4D......Page 265
Evidence from foetal hormone samples......Page 268
Studies in hormonally abnormal groups......Page 269
Relationships between testosterone and cognition in males......Page 273
Fluctuations in cognitive performance across the menstrual cycle in females......Page 277
Hypogonadal men......Page 284
Transsexuals......Page 286
Females......Page 287
Food additives......Page 292
Effects of hormonal reductions......Page 293
Conclusion......Page 294
References......Page 295
Index......Page 357