Hormone Related Cancer Mechanistic and Nanomedicines: Challenges and Prospects

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Challenges and Opportunities in the Delivery of Oral Anticancer Therapeutics
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Oral Anticancer Drug Delivery Route: Challenges & Opportunities
		1.2.1 Current Challenges in Oral Anticancer Drug Delivery
	1.3 Conclusion
	References
2: Nanotechnology in the Management of Hormonal Cancer
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Cancer Classification and Pathophysiology
		2.1.2 Theory of Cancer Initiation
	2.2 Hormonal Cancer
		2.2.1 Types of Hormonal Cancer
			2.2.1.1 Breast Cancer
			2.2.1.2 Cervical Cancer
			2.2.1.3 Endometrial Cancer
			2.2.1.4 Prostate Cancer
	2.3 Limitations of Conventional Treatment and Opportunities for Cancer Treatment
	2.4 Targeted Drug Delivery
	2.5 Advanced Drug Delivery System for the Management of Hormonal Cancers
	2.6 Nanomedicine-Based Therapies for Hormonal Cancers
		2.6.1 Lipidic Nanoparticles
		2.6.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		2.6.3 Inorganing Nanoparticle
		2.6.4 Caron Nanotubes and Carbon Dots-Based Hormonal Cancer Therapies
		2.6.5 Miscellaneous
	2.7 Peptide-Based Anti-Tumour Approaches for Hormonal Cancers
	2.8 Nucleic Acid-Based Nanomedicine Targeting Hormonal Cancers
		2.8.1 DNA-Based Nano-Therapeutics Targeting Hormonal Cancers
		2.8.2 RNA-Based Anti-Cancer Nano-Therapeutics for Hormonal Cancers
	2.9 Translational Potential and Clinical Advances in Innovative Treatment of Hormonal Cancers
	2.10 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
	References
3: Progress of Cancer Nano Medicine, Clinical Hurdles, and Opportunities
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Using the Next-Generation of Cancer Nanomedicine
	3.3 Viral Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
	3.4 Nanocarrier´s Properties
		3.4.1 Physicochemical Properties
		3.4.2 Solubility, Degradation, and Clearance Are all Factors to Consider
	3.5 Targeting
		3.5.1 Tumor Targeting
		3.5.2 Targeting via the EPR
		3.5.3 Active Targeting
		3.5.4 Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Imaging
	3.6 Challenges and Barrier in Success of Nanomedicine for Cancer
	3.7 Progress in Nanomedicines
	3.8 Summary and Future Perspective
	References
4: Emergence of Nanohybrids in Hormonal Cancer-Targeted Therapy
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Hormone-Related Cancer
		4.2.1 Breast Cancer
		4.2.2 Ovarian Cancer
		4.2.3 Prostate Cancer
		4.2.4 Endometrial Carcinoma (EC)
	4.3 Treatment Modalities of Hormone-Related Cancer
		4.3.1 Breast Cancer
		4.3.2 Ovarian Cancer
		4.3.3 Prostate Cancer
		4.3.4 Endometrial Cancer
	4.4 What Is Nanohybrid?
		4.4.1 Nanohybrids in Cancer
		4.4.2 Advantages of Nanohybrids
		4.4.3 Disadvantages of Nanohybrids
	4.5 Nanohybrids in Hormone-Related Cancer
		4.5.1 Nanohybrids in Breast Cancer
		4.5.2 Prostate Cancer
		4.5.3 Endometrial (Cervical Cancer)
		4.5.4 Ovarian Cancer
	References
5: Conventional to Nanoscale-Based Carrier Systems in the Management of Ovarian Cancer
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Conventional Therapies Used to Combat Ovarian Cancer
			5.1.1.1 Surgery
			5.1.1.2 Chemotherapy
			5.1.1.3 Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
			5.1.1.4 Hormone Therapy
			5.1.1.5 Radiation Therapy
				Intraoperative Radiation Therapy
				Systemic Radiation Therapy
				Radioimmunotherapy
			5.1.1.6 Monoclonal Antibodies
	5.2 Molecular Targets and Cellular Pathways Associated with Ovarian Cancer
		5.2.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
		5.2.2 (PI3K)/AKT Pathway
		5.2.3 Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP)
	5.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
		5.3.1 Passive Drug Delivery Systems
		5.3.2 Active Drug Delivery System
		5.3.3 Materials for Fabrication of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
			5.3.3.1 Biodegradable Polymers Used in the Fabrication of Nanoparticles
		5.3.4 Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery in Ovarian Cancer Therapy
			5.3.4.1 Nanoparticles
			5.3.4.2 Liposomes
			5.3.4.3 Nanomicelles
	5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
6: Pancreatic Cancer: Nanoparticle Targeted Therapy Via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Pancreatic Cancer
		6.2.1 Treatment Options for Pancreatic Cancer
		6.2.2 Chemotherapy
			6.2.2.1 Limitations of Current Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer
	6.3 Alternative to Conventional Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer Management
		6.3.1 Potential Drugs Other than Standard of Care
		6.3.2 Different Types of Nanocarriers Used against Pancreatic Cancer
			6.3.2.1 Polymer
			6.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
			6.3.2.3 Iron
			6.3.2.4 Gold Nano
	6.4 Combination Chemotherapy
		6.4.1 Cancer Nanotherapeutics
		6.4.2 Targeted Pancreatic Cancer Nanomedicines
	6.5 Significance of EGFR as a Target
	References
7: Nanocarriers-Based Targeted Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer and Challenges Ahead
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Pathophysiology of Pancreatic Cancer and their Types
	7.2 Targeted Therapy
		7.2.1 Targeting Surface Receptors
			7.2.1.1 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), VEGF and IGF Receptor Targeted Delivery
			7.2.1.2 Targeting Transferrin Receptors (TFRC)
			7.2.1.3 Folate Receptor (FR)
		7.2.2 Targeting Signalling Pathway in PDAC
			7.2.2.1 KRAS Signalling
			7.2.2.2 TGF-beta Signalling
			7.2.2.3 Hedgehog Signalling
			7.2.2.4 Notch and Wnt Signalling
		7.2.3 Tumour-Specific Nanotherapeutics for Targeting PDAC
			7.2.3.1 Chemoprotective Drug Delivery Via NPs
			7.2.3.2 Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of siRNAs
			7.2.3.3 Photothermal Therapy by Inorganic Nanomaterials
	7.3 Clinical Trials
	7.4 Challenges for Nanocarriers-Based Targeted Therapies
		7.4.1 Physiological Barriers
		7.4.2 Challenges in Clinical
			7.4.2.1 Controllable and Reproducible Synthesis
			7.4.2.2 Evaluation and Screening
		7.4.3 Manufacturing on a Large Scale
		7.4.4 Funding
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8: Pancreatic Cancer Treatment by Using Theragnostic Nanoparticles
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Targeting Surface Receptors
			8.1.1.1 Transferrin Receptors (TFRC)
			8.1.1.2 Folate Receptor (FR)
			8.1.1.3 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/HER1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and Insulin-like Growth Facto...
	8.2 Pancreatic Microenvironment and Impact of Nanocarriers
		8.2.1 Mechanisms of NPs Accumulation in Tumors
		8.2.2 Nanocarriers-Loaded Drug Delivery Systems for PC Therapy
		8.2.3 Circulating Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer Early Diagnosis
		8.2.4 The ``Bio-Nano´´ Interface in Cancer Nanotechnology
	8.3 Theranostic Nanoparticles
	8.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
9: Nanomedicine-Based Combinational Therapy for Breast Cancer
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Nanotherapy for Breast Cancer
		9.2.1 Nanoparticulate-Based Systems for Cancer Treatment
			9.2.1.1 Selection Criteria
			9.2.1.2 Clinical Modalities
			9.2.1.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles or Polymersomes
			9.2.1.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		9.2.2 Innovative Nanotherapies
			9.2.2.1 Nanotherapies for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)
			9.2.2.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Photothermal Ablation
			9.2.2.3 Nanotherapy of Breast Cancer Stem Cells (BCSCs)
			9.2.2.4 Nanotherapy to Tackle Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer
	9.3 Combination Therapies in Breast Cancer Management
		9.3.1 The Current Status of Combination Therapies in Breast Cancer
		9.3.2 Novel Approaches for Combination Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer Management
	9.4 Clinical Trials on Combinational Nano Therapy for Breast Cancer
	9.5 Limitations of Nanotherapy for Breast Cancer
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10: Nanoliposomal System for Breast Cancer Therapy
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Breast Cancer Characteristics and Novel Targets
	10.3 Different Types of Nanoliposomes-Based Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer
	10.4 Advances in Nanoliposomes-Based Drug Delivery for Therapeutic Intervention in Breast Cancer
	10.5 Challenges in Translation of Nanoliposomes-Based Drug Delivery in Clinical Settings
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11: Conventional to Nanotherapeutic Strategies against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Conventional Approaches for the Treatment of TNBC
	11.3 Nanomedicine-Based Strategies for Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
		11.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles and Polymeric Micelles
		11.3.2 Metal and Inorganic Nanoparticles
		11.3.3 Lipid-Based Nanosystems
		11.3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomedicines
	11.4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
	References
12: Effect of Thymoquinone and its Delivery through Using of Nanomedicine in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		12.2.1 Cause
		12.2.2 Mechanisms of Cause of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		12.2.3 Symptoms of Benign Hyperplasia
	12.3 Thymoquinone
		12.3.1 Properties
		12.3.2 Pharmacology and Mechanism of TQ
		12.3.3 Other Combination of Drug
	12.4 Nanomedicines of TQ
		12.4.1 Type of TQ Nanoparticles
			12.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticle of TQ PLGA and beta-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles
			12.4.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle of TQ
			12.4.1.3 Chitosan-Based TQNP
			12.4.1.4 Thymoquinone Loaded Gold Nanoparticle
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13: Concept of Nanomedicine in Endocrine Hormone Cancer Treatment
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Steroid-Based Hormone Receptors in Cancer Biology
		13.2.1 Leukaemia and Glucocorticoid
		13.2.2 Breast Cancer and Oestrogen
		13.2.3 Prostate Cancer and Androgen
		13.2.4 Ovarian Cancer and Progesterone
		13.2.5 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
	13.3 Rationale of Nanomedicine in Hormone-Based Cancer Therapy
	13.4 Recent Development in Nanomedicine-Based Hormone Cancer Therapy
	13.5 Clinical Status
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14: Neurocognitive Underpinning of Neurological Disorders: Role of Default Mode Network
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Default Mode Network Dysfunctions in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
		14.2.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
		14.2.2 Parkinson´s Disease
		14.2.3 Schizophrenia
		14.2.4 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
		14.2.5 Autism
		14.2.6 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
		14.2.7 Glioma
		14.2.8 DMN in Addiction
		14.2.9 Epilepsy
	14.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
15: Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Endometrium Convention Treatment Approach to Nanomedicine
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Neuroendocrine System
	15.3 Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
	15.4 Endometrial Carcinoma
	15.5 Diagnosis
	15.6 Neuroendocrine Endometrium Carcinoma Management
	15.7 Chemoradiation
	15.8 Chemotherapy
	15.9 Pelvic Radiation
	15.10 Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy
	15.11 Targeted Therapies and Future Perspectives
	References
16: Effective Luteinizing Hormone Drug Delivery by Nanocarriers in Hormonal Cancer Treatment
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Hormonal Cancer
	16.2 Nanoparticles (NPs)
		16.2.1 Drug Delivery System
			16.2.1.1 Single Drug Delivery System (SDDS)
			16.2.1.2 Targeted Drug Delivery System (TDDS)
			16.2.1.3 Dual Drug Delivery System (DDDS)
	16.3 LHRH Drug Delivery by Nano Carriers
		16.3.1 Inorganic-Based Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
		16.3.2 Dendrimers Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
		16.3.3 Liposomes and Lipid-Based Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
		16.3.4 Polymers Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
		16.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Nano Carrier in Drug Delivery
	16.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
17: Regulatory Landscapes in Approval of Cancer Vaccines
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Overview of Cancer Vaccines and its Types
		17.2.1 Cellular-Based Strategies
		17.2.2 Peptide-Based Strategies
		17.2.3 APC-Based Strategies
			17.2.3.1 Dendritic Cells
		17.2.4 Tumor-Based Strategies
			17.2.4.1 Cell Lines
			17.2.4.2 Autologous Tumor Cells
		17.2.5 Virus-Based Strategies
	17.3 Regulatory Considerations
		17.3.1 Quality Considerations
		17.3.2 Non-clinical Considerations
		17.3.3 Clinical Considerations
			17.3.3.1 Immune Status Pre- and Post-Vaccination
			17.3.3.2 Changes Following Vaccination
	17.4 Personalized Cancer Vaccines
	17.5 Challenges in Personalized Vaccines
		17.5.1 Selecting the Right Antigen: Improving Bioinformatics
		17.5.2 Selecting the Right Combination
		17.5.3 Choosing the Right Time: Adjuvant Vs. Palliative
		17.5.4 Tumor Evolution and Loss of Antigen
	17.6 Conclusion
	References