Horizons in World Physics, Volume 271

TITLE
......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
ABSTRACT......Page 12
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 13
2. FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS AND CONCEPTIONS......Page 14
3.1. General Grounds......Page 17
3.2. The Most Effective Approximation for Nl Term......Page 20
4.1. General Grounds......Page 24
4.2. Effective Approximations for in Term......Page 26
4.3. Choice of the Wind Representation......Page 29
4.4. The Dynamic Boundary Block Construction......Page 30
5.1. Overview of the Problem......Page 32
5.2. Basic Statements......Page 33
5.3. Reynolds Stress......Page 34
5.4. Phenomenological Closure of Reynolds Stress......Page 36
5.5. General Kind of the Wave Dissipation Term in a Spectral Form......Page 38
5.6.1. Specification of function Dis(S,k,W)......Page 42
5.6.2. Physical meaning of the dissipation term parameters and correspondence to the 
empirics......Page 45
6.1. Main Regulations for Testing and Verification of Models......Page 47
6.2. Specification of Numerical Simulations and Error Estimations......Page 50
6.3.1. Straight fetch test......Page 52
6.3.2. Swell decay test......Page 54
6.3.1. One-month simulations in the North Atlantic......Page 57
6.3.2. Long-period simulations in the Western part of the North Atlantic......Page 60
6.3.5. Conclusion for verification......Page 62
7.1.1. Introductory words......Page 63
7.1.2. The Role of wind wave evolution mechanisms......Page 65
7.1.3. Energy and momentum balance at the air-sea interface......Page 67
7.2.1. Wave state impact on the value of friction coefficient in the ABL......Page 70
7.2.2. Estimation of acoustic noise intensity dependence on the wind speed......Page 72
7.2.3. Intermediate conclusion......Page 75
7.3.2. Method of study......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 79
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 82
I.1. Energy Crisis......Page 83
I.2. Nuclear Fission......Page 85
I.3. Nuclear Fusion......Page 88
I.4. Other Fusion Concepts......Page 91
II.1. Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)......Page 94
II.2. Curvilinear System of Coordinates......Page 97
II.2.1. Transformation of Coordinates......Page 101
II.2.2. Metric Tensor......Page 102
II.2.5. Gradient, Divergence and Curl Operator......Page 103
II.3.1. Primitive Toroidal Coordinates......Page 106
II.3.2. Flux Coordinates......Page 108
II.3.3. Boozer Coordinates......Page 113
II.3.4. Hamada Coordinates......Page 115
II.4.1. MHD Equilibrium......Page 116
II.4.2. Z-pinch Equilibrium......Page 117
II.4.3. θ-pinch Equilibrium......Page 118
II.4.4. Screw Pinch Equilibrium......Page 119
II.4.5. Force Free Equilibrium......Page 120
II.5. Grad-Shafranov Equation (GSE)......Page 121
II.6.1. Green’s Function for GSE......Page 126
a) Current loop......Page 133
b) Solenoid with toroidal current density......Page 134
II.7.1. Analytical Solution......Page 135
II.7.2. Numerical Solution......Page 144
II.7.2.1 Problems with the formulation......Page 148
II.7.2.2. Example......Page 152
III. PLASMA STABILITY......Page 153
III.1. Lyapunov Stability in Nonlinear Systems......Page 154
III.1.1. Intuitive interpretation (Ball and wall analogy)......Page 155
III.2. Energy Principle......Page 156
III.2.1. Application of Energy Principle......Page 160
III.3.1. θ-pinch......Page 162
III.3.2.1. z-Pinch,  0m ≠ Modes......Page 164
III.3.3. Kink Instability......Page 167
III.3.3. Interchange Instability......Page 169
III.4. Simplifications for Axisymmetric Toroidal Machines......Page 171
IV. PLASMA TRANSPORT......Page 175
IV.1. Boltzmann Equation......Page 176
IV.1.1. Moments Equations......Page 179
IV.2. Flux-Surface-Average Operator......Page 180
IV.3. Classical and Non-Classical Transport......Page 182
IV.3.1.1. Random walk model......Page 183
IV.3.1.2. Particle diffusion in fluid picture......Page 184
IV.3.2.1. Trapped particles and banana orbit......Page 185
IV.3.2.2. Different regimes......Page 188
IV.3.2.3. Transport matrix......Page 189
IV.3.3. Bootstrap Current......Page 190
V. CONCLUSION......Page 193
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
ABSTRACT......Page 198
INTRODUCTION......Page 199
1.1.2. Choice of materials and methods......Page 200
1.1.3. Transport code calculations comparison......Page 201
1.1.4. Calculation models and measurement comparison......Page 202
1.2.1. Numerical codes......Page 204
Dependence of effective dose rate on altitude above Monastir airport in Tunisia......Page 206
Effective doses received on Tunisian flights......Page 207
Effect of the 11-year solar cycle on cosmic radiation levels at 36000 ft above 
monastir airport......Page 209
Effective dose received an a flight versus time......Page 210
Effect of aircraft type......Page 211
1.3.1. Wavelets and neural network in cosmic rays study......Page 212
Neural network study of monthly heliocentric potentials......Page 213
Morlet wavelet analysis of yearly heliocentric potentials......Page 216
Main periods......Page 220
2.2.1. Preparation of training samples: Decomposition in morlet wavelets......Page 223
2.2.3. Prediction of main periods......Page 224
2.2.4. Decomposition and reconstruction of cosmic ray variation for virtual stations 
Morlet reconstruction test......Page 229
GENERAL CONCLUSION......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 234
1.1. Principles of Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission......Page 240
1.2.4. Mechanism of the laser machine function......Page 242
1.4.1. Coherence......Page 243
1.5. Fiber Optic Wave Guides......Page 244
1.9.1.1. Thermal effect......Page 245
1.9.2.1. Wavelength and its relation to optical absorption of water and haemoglobin......Page 246
1.9.3.5. Surface cooling......Page 247
2.3. Argon (488 Or 515 Nm Wavelength)......Page 248
3.1. Applications......Page 249
3.2. Holmium Laser Lithotripsy......Page 250
3.4. Patterns of Stone Fragmentation......Page 251
(A) Laser injuries to the eyes......Page 253
5.2.1. Environmental Safety......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 255
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 258
II. SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATION ON GENERATING FUNCTION......Page 260
III. FULL FERMION-BOSON VERTEX FUNCTION......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 264
APPENDIX A: CALCULATON OF ANOMALY FACTOR......Page 265
APPENDIX B: WARD-TAKAHASHI IDENTITIES......Page 267
1. Introduction......Page 270
2. BCS Theory and ODLRO......Page 271
3. Gap Equation and Condensate Density......Page 272
3.1. Zero-temperature Condensate......Page 273
3.2. Finite-temperature Condensate......Page 275
4. Superconductors vs Ultracold Atoms......Page 276
References......Page 279
Abstract......Page 282
1. Introduction......Page 283
2. The Model......Page 285
3.1. Axially Trapped Fermions and Free Bosons......Page 288
3.2. Axially Trapped Bosons and Free Fermions......Page 292
3.3. The Case of the Fermionic Component in the BCS Regime......Page 293
4.1. The General Case......Page 294
4.2. A Tractable Example......Page 295
5. Conclusion......Page 297
References......Page 298
Abstract......Page 302
1. Introduction......Page 303
2. The Algebra of Deformed Fermions......Page 305
3. Equation of State in the Semi-classical Limit......Page 307
4. The PVC Algebra, Further Analysis......Page 308
5. Other Deformed Fermion Algebras Recently Investigated......Page 310
6. Anyon Statistics, Intermediate Statistics from General
Principles......Page 312
7. Intermediate Statistics based on Deformed Algebra......Page 317
8. Intermediate statistics: mean occupation number......Page 323
References......Page 327
1. The Natural Approach......Page 330
2. Reflections and the Spacetime Spinor......Page 331
3. The Natural Strong Force Spinor Manifolds......Page 333
5. Minimal Modules of Natural Isotropic Fermion Spinors......Page 334
6. Unfolding Spacetime Spinor Manifolds......Page 335
7. Conclusion and Prospect......Page 337
References......Page 338
INDEX......Page 340