Homelessness Prevention and Intervention in Social Work: Policies, Programs, and Practices

Homelessness Prevention and Intervention in Social Work
	Preface
		How to Use This Book
		Organization
	Contents
	Part I: Characteristics and Service Needs of People Experiencing Homelessness
	Chapter 1: Homelessness in America: An Overview
		History of Homelessness in the United States
			Early Homelessness in America
			Deinstitutionalization
			Establishment of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development
				Fair Housing Act
				The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act
			Establishment of HUD’s Community Continuums of Care (CoCs)
			Federally Funded Housing and Services
				Permanent Housing
				Permanent Supportive Housing
				Rapid Rehousing
				Transitional Housing
				Supportive Services
				Homelessness Prevention
			Criminalization of Homelessness
			Natural Disasters
		Defining and Estimating Homelessness
			HEARTH Act Definitions
			US Department of Housing and Urban Development Definitions
				At Risk of Homelessness
				Chronic Homelessness
				Homeless
			Children, Youth, and Transitional Age Youth
			General Homelessness Definition
		Estimating Homelessness in the United States
			Current Estimates of Homelessness
			Homeless Data Limitations and Strengths
		Homeless Populations
			Health, Mental Health, Trauma, and Substance Use
				Health
				Mental Illness
				Trauma and Trauma-Related Disorders
				Substance Use
			Chronic Homelessness
			Homeless Families with Children
			Homeless Youth and Transitional Age Youth
			LGBTQ+ Youth
			Students/College Students
			Individuals and Families Fleeing Domestic Violence
			Older Adults
			Veterans
			Immigrants and Refugees
			Race
		Consequences of Homelessness
			Stigma
			Health and Safety Impacts
				Health Disparities
			Stability and Daily Living Impacts
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Trauma and Adversity in the Lives of People Experiencing Homelessness
		Who Is Homeless and Why
		The Role of Trauma and Adversity in Homelessness
			Homelessness as Trauma
		The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study
			ACEs and Health Disparities
			ACEs and Homelessness
		ACE Response: The Restorative Integral Support Model
			Self-Care and Leadership Development
			RIS and Human Service Providers
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Homelessness and Health Disparities: A Health Equity Lens
		Introduction
			Case Studies
				Keith
				Christina
			Purpose of Chapter
		Health Disparities Faced by Homeless Populations
			Serious Mental Illness
			Substance Use Disorders
			Dual Diagnoses
			Infectious Diseases
				HIV
				Hepatitis B and C
				Tuberculosis
				Infectious Diseases and Risky Behaviors
			Violence
			Food Insecurity
			Multi-morbidity
		Pathways to Health Inequalities for Homeless Populations
			Health Conditions as a Cause of Homelessness
			Living Conditions
			Poverty and Socioeconomic Status
			Health-Care-Related Barriers
			Cumulative Disadvantage
		Interventions to Reduce Disparities and Promote Health Equity for Homeless Populations
			Permanent Supportive Housing: Opportunities for Health Promotion
			Health Care for the Homeless
			Meeting People Where They Are: Street Medicine and Mobile Clinic Programs
			Health-Care Policy Innovations and Horizons
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Meeting the Diverse Service Needs of People Experiencing Homelessness
		Ending Homelessness in Austin, Texas
		Identification and System Entry Points
			Outreach
		Ending Youth Homelessness
		Temporary and Emergency Shelter
		Diversion
		Case Management
		Financial Assistance and Supportive Services
		Healthcare Meets Homelessness
		Conclusion
		References
	Part II: Individual, Community, and System Responses to Homelessness
	Chapter 5: Affordable Housing and Housing Policy Responses to Homelessness
		Introduction
			Affordable Housing Increases Economic Mobility
			Affordable Housing Spurs Economic Growth
			Affordable Housing Improves Health Outcomes
			Affordable Housing Reduces Income and Racial Inequality
		Growing Scarcity of Affordable Housing
			Low Wages, Low Public Benefit Levels, and Affordable Housing
			Diminishing Federal Investments in Affordable Housing
		Sources of Affordable Housing
			Mortgage Interest Deduction
			Housing Choice Vouchers: Tenant-Based
			Housing Choice Vouchers: Project-Based
			Public Housing
			Low-Income Housing Tax Credits
			Housing Trust Funds
			Inclusionary Zoning
		Affordable Housing Policy Solutions
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Street Talk: Homeless Discourses and the Politics of Service Provision
		Discourse: What Are We Talking About?
		A Typology for (Homeless) Talk: Sick, Sin, and System
			Sin-Talk
				What Is Sin-Talk?
				Sin-Talk History
				How Sin-Talk Is Perpetuated
			System-Talk
				What Is System-Talk?
				System-Talk History
				How System-Talk Is Perpetuated
			Sick-Talk
				What Is Sick-Talk?
				Sick-Talk History
				How Sick-Talk Is Perpetuated
		Bringing It All Together: Discourse as/in Practice
			Expanding the Typology: Social-Talk
		References
	Chapter 7: Community-Based Strategies to Address Homelessness
		Introduction
		The Development of Homelessness Assistance Systems
		The Move to HUD’S Continuum of Care Model
		HUD’s Focus on Data and Results
		Testing New Collaborations, Resources, and Innovative Strategies
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8: Homelessness in Los Angeles and New York City: A Tale of Two Cities
		Introduction
		Responding to the Homelessness Crisis
		Homelessness in New York City: A Concerted Civic Response
			From Charity to State-City Cooperation in Public Funding
			Advocacy and the Right-to-Shelter Court Ruling
			The Rise of a Homeless Services Industry and Housing First
			High Levels of Public Funding, Low Levels of Progress
		Homelessness in Los Angeles: Containment and Charity
			Policy of Containment
			Dispersed Homelessness in Los Angeles
		Homelessness Policies in Twenty-First-Century America: A Tale of Two Cities Revisited
		References
	Chapter 9: The Criminalization of Homelessness
		Anti-homeless Policies
			The Origins of Anti-homeless Policies
		Why Communities Implement Anti-homeless Policies
			Impact of Public Sentiment
			Perceived Threats to Commerce and Quality of Life
			Perceived Threats to Public Safety
			Perceived Need to Manage the Homeless Population
		Arguments Against Anti-homeless Policies
			Unclear Impact and Costly Implementation
			Negative and Unintended Consequences
			Legal Arguments
				Flawed Logic
				Constitutional and Other Legal Challenges
				The Federal Government’s Position
		Alternatives to Anti-homeless Policies and Opportunities for Social Workers
			Preventing Homelessness and Strengthening the Service System
			Developing Innovative Partnerships
				Compassionate and Collaborative Use of Police
				Partnerships with the Business Community
			Advocating for Daytime Respites, Public Hygiene Facilities, and Public Storage
			Protecting the Rights of Homeless People
			Advocating for Improved Legal Systems and Discharge Planning
			Community Education and Awareness Building
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Pay-for-Success Financing: Innovation in Funding Supportive Housing Initiatives
		Introduction
		Background
		What Is Pay-for-Success Financing?
		How Does Pay-for-Success Work?
		Pay-for-Success Housing Initiatives
			Massachusetts
			Santa Clara County, California
			Denver, Colorado
			Salt Lake County, Utah
			Cuyahoga County, Ohio
			Austin, Texas
		Conclusion
		References
	Part III: Homelessness Services Delivery
	Chapter 11: Critical Time Intervention
		Introduction
		Background and Rationale
		Description of the Model
			Core Principles
				Strengths Based
				Individualized
				Culturally Sensitive
				Recovery Oriented
				Transparent
				Trauma Informed
			The Phases of CTI
				Phase One: Transition to the Community
				Phase Two: Tryout
				Phase Three: Transfer
				Movement Through Phases
				Assessment of External Resources
			The CTI Team
				The CTI Worker
				The CTI Supervisor
			Documentation
		Evidence
		Rapid Rehousing and CTI
			Adapting Critical Time Intervention for Rapid Re-Housing (CTI-RRH)
			Key Aspects of CTI-RRH
			The Importance of the Pre-CTI Period in RRH
		Implementation Challenges
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 12: Multisectoral Collaborations to Address Homelessness
		Introduction
		Multisectoral Collaboration
		Interagency Collaboration
		For-Profit-Nonprofit Collaboration
			Business Improvement Districts
				Street Engagement and Pathways to Housing
				Policymaking and Advocacy
			Social Enterprise
				Employment
				Mentoring
				Networking
			Lessons for For-Profit-Nonprofit Collaboration
		Social Work Skills for Multisectoral Collaboration
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Service Settings: Challenges and Opportunities
		Homelessness and Trauma
		Trauma-Informed Care
			Evolution of Trauma-Informed Care
			Historical Epochs
				First Epoch: Late Nineteenth Century – The Study of Hysteria and Development of Seduction Theory
				Second Epoch: Post World War I to the Vietnam War
				Third Epoch: The Women’s Movement
				Trauma in the 1980s and Beyond
		Understanding Trauma-Informed Care
			Trauma-Informed Culture
			Key Assumptions
			Core Principles
		Implementing Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Service Settings and Beyond
			Impact of Trauma Work on Providers
			Culture Clash
			Logistical Issues
		Strategies and Solutions
			Making TIC More Responsive to Client Needs
			Client-Centered Care for Specialized Populations
			Trauma-Informed Education
			Communities of Care
		Concluding Thoughts
			Bolder Science
			Hopeful Paths Forward
		References
	Chapter 14: Homeless Street Outreach: Spark for the Journey to a Dignified Life
		Introduction
		Street Outreach
		Values Underpinning Street Outreach
			Dignity and Worth of the Person
			Importance of Human Relationships
			Service
			Social Justice
			Integrity and Competence
		Skills and Practice Models to Use with Street Outreach
			Engagement
			Motivational Interviewing
				Conversations About Change
				Transtheoretical Model of Change
			Critical Time Intervention
			Technology for Street Outreach
			SSI/SSDI Outreach, Access, and Recovery (SOAR)
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Youth Homelessness: A Global and National Analysis of Emerging Interventions for a Population at Risk
		Youth Homelessness Stories
		Chapter Outline and Goals
		Causes and Consequences of Youth Homelessness
		Policy
			Definitions
			International Policies
			US Federal Policies
		Assessment and Intervention
			Locating Homeless Youth
			Using Assessment to Inform Interventions
			Services for Youth Experiencing Homelessness
				Transitional Living and Basic Center Programs
				Street Outreach
				Host Homes
				Shelters and Drop-In Centers
				Housing Models and Programs
				Technology and Intervention
				Youth Supporting Youth
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 16: Incorporating Youth Voice into Services for Young People Experiencing Homelessness
		Introduction
			Who Are Homeless Youth?
			Challenges and Adversities
			Strengths and Resiliencies
		Approaches to Working with Youth Experiencing Homelessness
			Traditional Services for Homeless Youth
			Frameworks for Bringing Youth Voice into Services for Young People Experiencing Homelessness
				Positive Youth Development
				Empowerment Practice
				Trauma-Informed Care
				Overlap in Alternative Approaches
		Evidence Supporting Youth Voice Approaches
		Practical Strategies for Empowering Homeless Youth
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: “If I Don’t Fight for It, I Have Nothing”: Supporting Students Who Experience Homelessness While Enrolled in Higher Education
		Introduction
			Overview of Homelessness in Higher Education
		Defining Homelessness in Higher Education
			Higher Education Housing Continuum
		Policy
			The Every Student Succeeds Act
			Higher Education Opportunity Act
			College Cost Reduction and Access Act
			State Policies
		Experiences of Students Who Are Homeless
			Aspirations and Ambitions
		Homelessness in the Higher Education Environment
			Financial Aid
			The Agency Experience for College Students Who Are Experiencing Homelessness
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Practice Dilemmas, Successes, and Challenges in the Delivery of Homeless Services: Voices from the Frontline
		Introduction
		A Day in the Life
		Managing Risk
		Letting Go of Control
		Juggling Many Demands
		Keeping Hope Alive
		References
	Correction to: Homeless Street Outreach: Spark for the Journey to a Dignified Life
	Index