Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology, Twelfth Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Updates and Additions......Page 6
Contents......Page 16
Clinical Connections......Page 21
Acknowledgments......Page 22
Foundations for Success......Page 24
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology......Page 32
1.1 Introduction......Page 34
1.3 Levels of Organization......Page 35
1.4 Characteristics of Life......Page 37
1.5 Maintenance of Life......Page 38
1.6 Organization of the Human Body......Page 43
1.8 Anatomical Terminology......Page 51
Some Medical and Applied Sciences......Page 55
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 57
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 59
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 60
REFERENCE PLATES 1-25 The Human Organism......Page 61
CHAPTER 2 Chemical Basis of Life......Page 81
2.2 Structure of Matter......Page 82
2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells......Page 91
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 103
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 104
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 105
CHAPTER 3 Cells......Page 106
3.2 A Composite Cell......Page 107
3.3 Movements Into and Out of the Cell......Page 121
3.4 The Cell Cycle......Page 131
3.5 Control of Cell Division......Page 134
3.6 Stem and Progenitor Cells......Page 136
3.7 Cell Death......Page 137
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 140
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 142
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 144
CHAPTER 4 Cellular Metabolism......Page 145
4.2 Metabolic Processes......Page 146
4.3 Control of Metabolic Reactions......Page 148
4.4 Energy for Metabolic Reactions......Page 150
4.5 Cellular Respiration......Page 151
4.6 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis......Page 155
4.7 Changes in Genetic Information......Page 166
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 169
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 172
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 173
CHAPTER 5 Tissues......Page 174
5.2 Epithelial Tissues......Page 175
5.3 Connective Tissues......Page 183
5.5 Muscle Tissues......Page 194
5.6 Nervous Tissues......Page 195
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 196
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 199
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 200
CHAPTER 6 Integumentary System......Page 201
6.2 Skin and Its Tissues......Page 202
6.3 Accessory Structures of the Skin......Page 208
6.4 Regulation of Body Temperature......Page 212
6.5 Healing of Wounds and Burns......Page 214
6.6 Life-Span Changes......Page 217
INNERCONNECTIONS: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM......Page 219
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 220
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 221
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 222
CHAPTER 7 Skeletal System......Page 223
7.2 Bone Structure......Page 224
7.3 Bone Development and Growth......Page 228
7.4 Bone Function......Page 233
7.5 Skeletal Organization......Page 236
7.6 Skull......Page 237
7.7 Vertebral Column......Page 249
7.8 Thoracic Cage......Page 253
7.9 Pectoral Girdle......Page 256
7.10 Upper Limb......Page 257
7.11 Pelvic Girdle......Page 262
7.12 Lower Limb......Page 265
7.13 Life-Span Changes......Page 269
INNERCONNECTIONS: SKELETAL SYSTEM......Page 270
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 271
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 274
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 275
REFERENCE PLATES 26-54 Human Skull......Page 276
CHAPTER 8 Joints of the Skeletal System......Page 291
8.2 Classification of Joints......Page 292
8.3 General Structure of a Synovial Joint......Page 294
8.4 Types of Synovial Joints......Page 296
8.5 Types of Joint Movements......Page 298
8.6 Examples of Synovial Joints......Page 302
8.7 Life-Span Changes......Page 309
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 312
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 313
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 314
CHAPTER 9 Muscular System......Page 315
9.2 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle......Page 316
9.3 Skeletal Muscle Contraction......Page 320
9.4 Muscular Responses......Page 327
9.5 Smooth Muscles......Page 331
9.7 Skeletal Muscle Actions......Page 332
9.8 Major Skeletal Muscles......Page 336
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 365
INNERCONNECTIONS: MUSCULAR SYSTEM......Page 364
CHAPTER ASSESSEMENTS......Page 368
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 370
REFERENCE PLATES 55-75 Surface Anatomy and Cadaver Dissection......Page 372
CHAPTER 10 Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function......Page 384
10.1 Introduction......Page 385
10.2 General Functions of the Nervous System......Page 386
10.3 Description of Cells of the Nervous System......Page 387
10.4 Classification of Cells of the Nervous System......Page 390
10.6 Cell Membrane Potential......Page 396
10.7 Synaptic Transmission......Page 402
10.8 Impulse Processing......Page 405
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 407
INNERCONNECTIONS: NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 409
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 411
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 412
CHAPTER 11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 413
11.2 Meninges......Page 415
11.3 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 416
11.4 Spinal Cord......Page 418
11.5 Brain......Page 428
11.6 Peripheral Nervous System......Page 442
11.7 Autonomic Nervous System......Page 455
11.8 Life-Span Changes......Page 462
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 463
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 465
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 467
CHAPTER 12 Nervous System III: Senses......Page 468
12.2 Receptors, Sensation, and Perception......Page 469
12.3 General Senses......Page 471
12.4 Special Senses......Page 477
12.5 Life-Span Changes......Page 507
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 508
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 511
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 512
CHAPTER 13 Endocrine System......Page 513
13.2 General Characteristics of the Endocrine System......Page 514
13.3 Hormone Action......Page 515
13.4 Control of Hormonal Secretions......Page 522
13.5 Pituitary Gland......Page 523
13.6 Thyroid Gland......Page 530
13.7 Parathyroid Glands......Page 533
13.8 Adrenal Glands......Page 535
13.9 Pancreas......Page 540
13.10 Other Endocrine Glands......Page 542
13.11 Stress and Its Effects......Page 544
13.12 Life-Span Changes......Page 546
INNERCONNECTIONS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM......Page 547
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 548
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 550
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 551
CHAPTER 14 Blood......Page 553
14.1 Introduction......Page 554
14.2 Blood Cells......Page 555
14.3 Blood Plasma......Page 566
14.4 Hemostasis......Page 569
14.5 Blood Groups and Transfusions......Page 575
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 579
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 581
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 582
CHAPTER 15 Cardiovascular System......Page 583
15.2 Structure of the Heart......Page 584
15.3 Heart Actions......Page 595
15.4 Blood Vessels......Page 604
15.5 Blood Pressure......Page 611
15.6 Paths of Circulation......Page 621
15.7 Arterial System......Page 623
15.8 Venous System......Page 631
15.9 Life-Span Changes......Page 637
INNERCONNECTIONS: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM......Page 641
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 642
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 645
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 646
CHAPTER 16 Lymphatic System and Immunity......Page 647
16.2 Lymphatic Pathways......Page 648
16.3 Tissue Fluid and Lymph......Page 650
16.5 Lymph Nodes......Page 652
16.6 Thymus and Spleen......Page 654
16.7 Body Defenses Against Infection......Page 656
16.8 Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses......Page 657
16.9 Adaptive (Specific) Defenses or Immunity......Page 659
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 675
INNERCONNECTIONS: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM......Page 676
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 679
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 680
CHAPTER 17 Digestive System......Page 682
17.2 General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal......Page 683
17.3 Mouth......Page 687
17.4 Salivary Glands......Page 691
17.5 Pharynx and Esophagus......Page 692
17.6 Stomach......Page 696
17.7 Pancreas......Page 702
17.8 Liver......Page 704
17.9 Small Intestine......Page 709
17.10 Large Intestine......Page 717
17.11 Life-Span Changes......Page 721
INNERCONNECTIONS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM......Page 723
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 724
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 727
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 728
CHAPTER 18 Nutrition and Metabolism......Page 729
18.1 Introduction......Page 730
18.2 Carbohydrates......Page 731
18.3 Lipids......Page 733
18.4 Proteins......Page 735
18.5 Energy Expenditures......Page 737
18.6 Vitamins......Page 740
18.7 Minerals......Page 748
18.8 Healthy Eating......Page 753
18.9 Life-Span Changes......Page 759
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 760
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 763
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 764
CHAPTER 19 Respiratory System......Page 766
19.2 Why We Breathe......Page 767
19.3 Organs of the Respiratory System......Page 768
19.4 Breathing Mechanism......Page 778
19.5 Control of Breathing......Page 786
19.6 Alveolar Gas Exchanges......Page 790
19.7 Gas Transport......Page 793
19.8 Life-Span Changes......Page 798
INNERCONNECTIONS: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 799
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 800
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 802
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 804
CHAPTER 20 Urinary System......Page 805
20.1 Introduction......Page 806
20.2 Kidneys......Page 807
20.3 Urine Formation......Page 816
20.4 Elimination of Urine......Page 829
20.5 Life-Span Changes......Page 834
INNERCONNECTIONS: URINARY SYSTEM......Page 835
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 836
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 838
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 839
CHAPTER 21 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance......Page 841
21.2 Distribution of Body Fluids......Page 842
21.3 Water Balance......Page 844
21.4 Electrolyte Balance......Page 846
21.5 Acid-Base Balance......Page 850
21.6 Acid-Base Imbalances......Page 855
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 857
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 859
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 860
CHAPTER 22 Reproductive Systems......Page 861
22.1 Introduction......Page 862
22.2 Organs of the Male Reproductive System......Page 864
22.3 Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions......Page 876
22.4 Organs of the Female Reproductive System......Page 877
22.5 Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions......Page 888
22.6 Mammary Glands......Page 892
22.7 Birth Control......Page 893
22.8 Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 898
INNERCONNECTIONS: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......Page 899
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 900
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 904
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 905
CHAPTER 23 Pregnancy, Growth, and Development......Page 906
23.2 Pregnancy......Page 907
23.3 Prenatal Period......Page 910
23.4 Postnatal Period......Page 935
23.5 Aging......Page 940
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 942
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 945
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 946
CHAPTER 24 Genetics and Genomics......Page 947
24.1 Introduction......Page 948
24.2 Modes of Inheritance......Page 949
24.4 Multifactorial Traits......Page 955
24.5 Matters of Sex......Page 958
24.6 Chromosome Disorders......Page 960
24.7 Gene Expression Explains Aspects of Anatomy and Physiology......Page 964
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 966
CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS......Page 967
INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING......Page 968
A: Periodic Table of Elements......Page 970
B: Laboratory Tests of Clinical Importance......Page 971
C: Cellular Respiration......Page 975
D: A Closer Look at DNA and RNA Structures......Page 979
Glossary......Page 982
Credits......Page 1008
Index......Page 1012
Aids to Understanding Words......Page 1042