History of the Muslim World to 1750

Title
Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Tables
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements
Note on Transliteration and Dating
PART ONE THE FORMATIVE PERIOD, 610–950
	CHAPTER 1 ORIGINS
		Southwest Asia in the Seventh Century
			The Byzantine Empire
			The Sasanian Empire
			The Arabian Peninsula
		The Rise of Islam
			The Meccan Environment
			Muhammad
			A Framework for a New Community
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 2 ARAB IMPERIALISM
		Arab Conquests
			Arabia and the Fertile Crescent
			Iran
			North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula
			Transoxiana and the Indus River Valley
		Umayyad Administration
			The Caliphate
			The Administration of Non-Muslims
			The Administration of Muslims
			The Rationalization of Society
		Dissolution of the Arab Empire
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECTARIANISM
		‘Ali and the Politics of Division
			Political Dissension
			‘Ali’s Caliphate: Shi‘ites and Kharijites
			Karbala
		The Abbasid Revolution
		Shi‘ite Identities
			The Ghulat and the Zaydis
			The Husayni Alids
			The Shi‘ite Movement
		The Sunni Consensus
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 4 THE CENTER CANNOT HOLD: THREE CALIPHATES
		The Abbasid Caliphate
			The Early Period
			Military and Economic Problems
			The Assertion of Regional Autonomy
		The Fatimid Caliphate
			Isma‘ili Activism
			A Second Caliphate
		The Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba
			The Consolidation of Umayyad Power
			A Third Caliphate
		Economic Networks
			A Single Economy
			Overland Trade
			Maritime Commerce
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 5 SYNTHESIS AND CREATIVITY
		The Origins of Islamic Law
			Assimilation and Adaptation
			Groping Toward an Islamic Jurisprudence
			The Development of the Shari‘a
		Early Sufism
			The Contemplative Life
			Testing the Limits of Transcendence
			The Accommodation of Sufism
		The Reception of Science and Philosophy
			Science and Mathematics
			Philosophy
		The Development of an Islamic Theology
			The Reception of Rationalism
			The Critique of Rationalism
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
PART TWO CIVILIZATION VS. CHAOS, 950–1260
	CHAPTER 6 FILLING THE VACUUM OF POWER, 950–1100
		The Buyid Sultanate
		The Advent of the Turks
			Origins
			The Saljuq Invasion
			The Great Saljuqs and the Saljuqs of Rum
		The Fatimid Empire
			The Conquest of Egypt and Palestine
			Religious Policies
			The New Egyptian Economy
			Ominous Developments
		The Nizaris (“Assassins”)
		The Muslim West
			Norman Invasions of Muslim Territory
			The “Hilali Invasion” of Ifriqiya
			A Berber Empire
			The Collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Andalus
			The Incorporation of Andalus into the Maghrib
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 7 BARBARIANS AT THE GATES, 1100–1260
		The Loss of Andalus
			Provisional Solutions: The Great Berber Empires
			The Disintegration of the Almohads and of Andalus
		The Period of the Crusades
			The First Crusade
			The Franks on the Defensive
		Realignment in the East
			The Collapse of the Great Saljuqs
			Sunni–Nizari Rapprochement
			The Mongol Campaigns
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 8 THE CONSOLIDATION OF TRADITIONS
		Science and Philosophy
			Mathematics and the Natural Sciences
			Philosophy
			The Sunni Resolution to the Tension between Reason and Revelation
		Consolidating Institutions: Sufism
			The Emergence of Lodges and Tariqas
			Speculative Mysticism
		Consolidating Institutions: Shi‘ism
			Twelver Shi‘ites
			The Isma‘ilis
			The Impact of “the Foreign Sciences” and Jurisprudence
		The Transmission of Knowledge
			Schools
			The Legacy to Europe
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 9 THE MUSLIM COMMONWEALTH
		Frontiers and Identities
			Frontiers Defining the Dar al-Islam
			Frontiers within the Dar al-Islam
			Identities
		The City and the Countryside
			The City
			The Countryside
		Conversion to Islam
			A Muslim Minority
			The Pace of Conversion Quickens
		The Issue of Authority in the Muslim World
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
PART THREE MONGOL HEGEMONY, 1260–1405
	CHAPTER 10 THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION
		The Mongol Khanates
			The Golden Horde
			The Il-khanate
			The Chaghatay Khanate
		New Centers of Islamic Culture
			The Mamluk Empire
			The Delhi Sultanate
			The Ottoman Sultanate
		Scourges
			Plague
			The Conquests of Timur Lang
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 11 UNITY AND DIVERSITY IN ISLAMIC TRADITIONS
		Intellectual Life in the Fourteenth Century
			The End of the “Golden Age”?
			Against All Odds
		Law
			The Queen of the Sciences
			The “Closing of the Gate of Ijtihad”?
		The Varieties of Religious Expression
			“Orthodoxy” and “Heterodoxy”
			The Proliferation of Sufi Groups
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
PART FOUR MUSLIM ASCENDANCY, 1405–1750
	CHAPTER 12 THE CENTRAL MUSLIM LANDS
		The Ottoman Empire
			The Creation of an Empire
			Society
			The State
			The Economy
			Culture
			From Dominance to Parity
		The Arabian Peninsula
			The Holy Cities
			Yemen and Oman
		The Eurasian Steppes
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 13 THE UMMA IN THE WEST
		The Iberian Peninsula
			Mudejars
			Granada
			Moriscos
		The Maghrib
			The Land
			The Berber States
			Crusaders, Corsairs, and Janissaries
			The Regencies
			Alawite Morocco
		The Sudan
			Trans-Saharan Trade
			The Islamization of the Western and Central Sudan
			The Islamization of the Eastern Sudan
			The Intensification of the Slave Trade
			Islam in the Sudan
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 14 CENTRAL ASIA AND IRAN
		Central Asia
			The Timurids
			The Uzbek Khanate
			The Islamization of Central Asia
		Iran
			The Nizaris Regroup
			The Safavids: A Militant Sufi Order
			The First Twelver Shi‘ite Empire
			The Apocalypse Postponed
			Society
			The State
			The Decline of Tariqa Sufism in Iran
			The Economy
			Culture
			The End of an Empire
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 15 SOUTH ASIA
		South Asia after the Delhi Sultanate
			Southern and Central South Asia
			The Indo-Gangetic Plain
		Islam in South Asia
			Patterns of Muslim Influence
			South Asian Sufism
			An Isma‘ili Revival
		The Timurids in South Asia: The Mughals
			The Formation of the Mughal Empire
			Society
			The State
			The Economy
			Culture
			The End of Imperial Rule
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Further Reading
	CHAPTER 16 THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN
		A Muslim Lake
		The East Coast of Africa
			Berbera and the Land of the Zanj
			The Impact of Imperialism
		Kerala
			The Land of Pepper
			The Impact of Imperialism
		Southeast Asia
			The Malayo–Polynesian Lands
			Muslims Establish a Presence in Southeast Asia
			The Impact of Imperialism
			The Appeal of a Universal Faith
			A Loss of Dynamism
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
Glossary
Index