History of the Christian Church. Volume IV. Mediaeval Christianity A.D. 590-1073

Cover......Page 1
About this book......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 3
Sources and Literature......Page 9
The Middle Age. Limits and General Character......Page 12
The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav......Page 13
Genius of Mediaeval Christianity......Page 15
Periods of the Middle Age......Page 17
Character of Mediaeval Missions......Page 18
Literature......Page 19
The Britons......Page 21
The Anglo-Saxons......Page 24
The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a.d. 595-604......Page 26
Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy......Page 29
Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy......Page 30
Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede......Page 31
The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget......Page 34
The Irish Church after St. Patrick......Page 41
Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule......Page 44
The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern......Page 46
St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona......Page 48
The Culdees......Page 52
Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I......Page 53
Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes......Page 55
Conversion of Clovis and the Franks......Page 57
Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent......Page 59
German Missionaries before Boniface......Page 62
Boniface, the Apostle of Germany......Page 64
The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda......Page 68
The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the Gospel-Harmony......Page 70
Scandinavian Heathenism......Page 72
The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar......Page 74
The Christianization of Sweden......Page 78
The Christianization of Norway and Iceland......Page 80
General Survey......Page 82
Christian Missions among the Wends......Page 83
Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland......Page 84
The Conversion of the Bulgarians......Page 87
The Conversion of the Magyars......Page 88
The Christianization of Russia......Page 90
Literature......Page 92
Statistics and Chronological Table......Page 96
Position of Mohammedanism in Church History......Page 98
The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm......Page 101
Life and Character of Mohammed......Page 104
The Conquests of Islâm......Page 109
The Koran, and the Bible......Page 111
The Mohammedan Religion......Page 117
Mohammedan Worship......Page 120
Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism......Page 123
General Literature on the Papacy......Page 128
Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to Leo XIII......Page 129
Gregory the Great. a.d. 590-604......Page 144
Gregory and the Universal Episcopate......Page 149
The Writings of Gregory......Page 153
The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II a.d. 604-715......Page 155
From Gregory II to Zacharias. a.d. 715-741......Page 156
Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. A.d. 741-755......Page 157
Charles the Great. a.d. 768-814......Page 159
Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo II......Page 167
Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire......Page 170
The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a.d. 814-858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan......Page 175
The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals......Page 177
Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867......Page 181
Hadrian II. and John VIII a.d. 867 to 882......Page 183
The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century......Page 184
The Interference of Otho the Great......Page 189
The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a.d. 97-1046......Page 192
Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a.d. 1046......Page 196
Sources and Literature......Page 198
The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches......Page 199
The Causes of Separation......Page 201
The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas......Page 203
Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius......Page 206
Fruitless Attempts at Reunion......Page 208
Literature......Page 210
General Character of Mediaeval Morals......Page 211
Clerical Morals......Page 213
Domestic Life......Page 215
Slavery......Page 216
Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God......Page 218
The Ordeal......Page 220
The Torture......Page 223
Christian Charity......Page 227
Use of Convents in the Middle Ages......Page 232
St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald......Page 233
The Convent of Cluny......Page 235
The Penitential Books......Page 236
Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict......Page 240
Penance and Indulgence......Page 242
Legislation......Page 245
The Roman Law......Page 246
The Capitularies of Charlemagne......Page 248
English Legislation......Page 249
The Mass......Page 251
The Sermon......Page 253
Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists......Page 254
Latin Hymnody. Literature......Page 264
Latin Hymns and Hymnists......Page 268
The Seven Sacraments......Page 282
The Organ and the Bell......Page 283
The Worship of Saints......Page 285
The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories......Page 288
The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754......Page 292
The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787......Page 295
Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a.d. 842......Page 297
The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship......Page 298
Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin......Page 301
General Survey......Page 304
The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit......Page 305
The Arguments for and against the Filioque......Page 309
The Monotheletic Controversy......Page 312
The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ......Page 313
History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism......Page 315
The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a.d. 680......Page 318
The Heresy of Honorius......Page 319
Concilium Quinisextum. a.d. 692......Page 323
The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature......Page 325
History of Adoptionism......Page 326
Doctrine of Adoptionism......Page 329
The Predestinarian Controversy......Page 332
Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus......Page 334
Gottschalk and Hincmar......Page 335
The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism......Page 336
The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena......Page 342
The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature......Page 344
The Two Theories of the Lord's Supper......Page 345
The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus......Page 346
The Theory of Ratramnus......Page 348
The Berengar Controversy......Page 350
Berengar's Theory of the Lord's Supper......Page 357
Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation......Page 359
The Paulicians......Page 363
The Euchites and other Sects in the East......Page 366
The New Manichaeans in the West......Page 367
Literature......Page 369
Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages......Page 370
Learning in the Eastern Church......Page 371
Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings......Page 373
Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church......Page 380
Educational Efforts of the Church......Page 381
Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald......Page 388
Alfred the Great, and Education in England......Page 390
Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century......Page 391
St. Maximus Confessor......Page 393
John of Damascus......Page 396
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople......Page 401
Oecumenius......Page 405
Theophylact......Page 406
Michael Psellus......Page 407
Euthymius Zigabenus......Page 408
Eustathius of Thessalonica......Page 409
Nicetas Acominatos......Page 411
Cassiodorus......Page 412
St. Gregory of Tours......Page 414
St. Isidore of Seville......Page 417
The Venerable Bede (Baeda)......Page 421
Paul the Deacon......Page 425
St. Paulinus of Aquileia......Page 428
Alcuin......Page 430
St. Liudger......Page 434
Theodulph of Orleans......Page 436
St. Eigil......Page 439
Amalarius......Page 440
Einhard......Page 441
Smaragdus......Page 444
Jonas of Orleans......Page 446
Rabanus Maurus......Page 447
Haymo......Page 455
Walahfrid Strabo......Page 456
Florus Magister, of Lyons......Page 458
Servatus Lupus......Page 460
Druthmar......Page 462
St. Paschasius Radbertus......Page 463
Patramnus......Page 466
Hincmar of Rheims......Page 469
Johannes Scotus Erigena......Page 475
Anastasius......Page 483
Ratherius of Verona......Page 484
Gerbert (Sylvester II.)......Page 485
Fulbert of Chartres......Page 488
Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen......Page 490
St. Peter Damiani......Page 491
Index of Scripture References......Page 495
Greek Words and Phrases......Page 496
Hebrew Words and Phrases......Page 509
German Words and Phrases......Page 510
French Words and Phrases......Page 515