History of psychology. A cultural perspective.

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Foreword to the Classic Edition
Foreword
List of Photographs and Illustrations
Preface
1 Origins of Psychological Thought: Why Do Other People Have Such Bizarre Beliefs and Behave So Strangely?
	The Questions of Psychology
	Universal Psychological Characteristics
		Perceptual and Cognitive Influences
		Biases in Processing Information
	Important Distinctions Across Time and Culture
		The Place of Humans and Other Animals in the Universe
		Relationships Between the Self and Others
		Desire for Power or Degree of Control That an Individual Can Have
	Ways of Coming to Believe
		Trust
		Reason
		Experience
	Folk Psychology
	Conclusions About the Answers
	A Science of Psychology
		The Greek Psyche
		Modern Definitions
2 From Greek Philosophy to the Middle Ages: What and How Do We Believe?
	What We Believe and How We Come to Believe
	The Significance of Greek Culture
		Greek Antiquity
		The Classical Greek World
		Transitions in Ontology
		Transitions in Epistemology
		Reasons for the Transitions
		Choosing an Epistemology
	Belief Systems in Classical Greece
		The True Reality of Numbers
		Natural Philosophy
		The Greek Physis
		Platonic Philosophy
		The Aristotelian Milieu
		Aristotle's Psychology
		End of an Era
	Transition of Power to Rome
	Philosophies of Personal Happiness
		Stoicism
		Epicureanism
		Mystery Religions
	After Rome
	The Early Middle Ages in Europe
		Neo-Platonism
		Augustinian Doctrines of Christianity
	Implications of Religious Thought for Psychology
		A Period of Intellectual Stagnation
3 From an Age of Spirits to Humanism: How Many Angels Can Dance on the Head of a Pin?
	Philosophy in the Middle East
		Byzantine Influences
		Islamic Religion and Philosophy
		Natural Philosophy in Islamic Thought
	The High Middle Ages in Europe
		The Search for Stability
		The Power of the Roman Church
	Scholasticism
		The Problem of Knowledge
		Summary of Scholastic Thought
		The Consequences of Scholasticism
	The Black Death
		A Psychology of Disaster
		Challenging the Church
	Humanism: A New Focus
		Disease and Famine
		Secular Powers Grow Stronger
	A New Way of Knowing
		Inherited Assumptions
		Epistemology for a New Age
	From Certainty to Doubt in the West
		The Certainty of Trust
		The Costs of Trust
	Cracks in the Foundation of Faith
		Individualism
		Humanism
		The Centrality of Human Perspective
	Skepticism Returns
		A Skeptical Perspective
		The Discomfort of Doubt
	Empirical Discovery: Two Steps Forward
		Human Potential
		Medicine
		Human Nature
		Evidence
	And One Step Back: The Church Reacts
	The Certainty of Mathematics
	Revealed Truth in Nature
		Cosmology
		Psychological and Theological Consequences
4 The Birth of Science: Is There Anything You Cannot Doubt?
	Revolution Is in the Air
		Ontological Revolution
		Epistemological Revolution
	A New Way of Knowing
		False Idols of Knowledge
		Knowledge Is Power
		Philosophy Must Be Divorced From Religion
		Begin With Inductive Reason
		Natural Philosophy Must Be Dynamic, Cooperative, and Cumulative
	The Physical Universe
	The Role of Measurement
		Knowledge and Opinion
		Signs as Evidence
		Reasons to Measure
		Uses of Measurement
	Rationalism as Another Way of Knowing
		Antiauthoritarian
		Skepticism and Naturalism Are Dangerous
	The Rational Method
		Introspection
		Weaknesses in Human Reason
		The Rational Process
	Rational Conclusions
		Trust Sensory Information
		Innate Ideas
		Mechanism
	The Consequences of Rationalism
	A Case Study: The Enlightened Mind and 300 Years of Witch Persecution
		Magic, Science, and Religion
		Irrational Thought Reigns
		Scientific Evidence Against Witches
	Paradigm for a New Age
		The Scientific Paradigm
		The Principles of Newtonian Science
	The Goals of Scientific Study
	The Modern Scientific Paradigm
		Scientific Assumptions
		Scientific Questions
		Scientific Methods
5 Philosophical Answers to Psychological Questions: If a Tree Falls in the Forest and There Is No One Around to Hear It, Does It Make a Sound?
	Philosophers and Philosophies of the Human
		The Women
		The Selfish Motive
		The Blank Slate
		Everything Is God
		Religious Skepticism
		Nature and Mind
		Appearance Is Truth
		Categories of Thought
		Summary of Philosophical Speculation
	Romantic Rebellions
		Literature
		Romantic Psychologies
	Scientific Progress
		Physics and Chemistry
		Relevance to Psychology
		Biology's Connections With Psychology
	Philosophical Psychology
		Political Science and Economics
		Human Nature
		Positivism
	Natural History and Psychology
		Early Evolutionary Theory
		Natural Selection
		Relevance for Psychology
6 Physiological to Experimental Psychology: Can Consciousness Be Inspected?
	Physiological Psychology
		Vitalism and the Study of the Human
		Neurophysiology
		The Sensory System
		Physiological Conclusions
		Psychophysics
	Romantic Ideas
		Art and Literature
		Romantic Philosophy
		The Rejection of a Science of Consciousness
		Spiritualism and the Occult
	Structure and Function: Measuring Mind
		The Origin of Human Mind
		Mental Measurement
		Statistics and Mental Measurement
	Exploring the Contents of Consciousness
		German Experimental Psychology
		Experimental Psychology Outside of Germany
		Unconscious Mind
7 A Divided Discipline: What Is the Function of Mind?
	Divisions Created by Ideas
		Elementalism
		Holism
		Evolutionary Principles
	Psychology Follows Many Paths
		The Study of Consciousness
		Comparative Psychology
		Physiological Psychology
		Medical Psychology
	Madness
		Early Explanations
		Enlightened Lunacy
		Modern Madness
		The Reformers
		Science and Insanity
	Empirical Psychology: A Uniquely North American Blend
		The Women
		Functionalism
		Higher Mental Functions
		Pragmatic American Functionalism
		The Methods of Functionalism
8 A Science of Behavior: Is Consciousness a Myth?
	The Landscape Changes
		Elementalism and Evolution
		From Introspection to Experimentation
	Physiological Bases for Psychology
		The Physiology of Vision
		Psychological Characteristics
		Instincts and Habits
		The Behaviorists' Manifesto
	Psychological Testing
		Immigrant Testing
		Army Testing During the Great War
		Army Testing After the War
		Eugenics
		School Testing
		Industrial Applications
	Behaviorism After the Great War
		Stimulus–Response Theory
		Russian Physiological Associationism
		Personality
		The Conditioned Reflex
	Weird Science
		Physical Science and Science Fiction
		Psychic Research
9 Paradigms Proliferate: Is There an Unconscious Mind?
	Gestalt Psychology
		The Phi Phenomenon
		Animal Insight
		An Experimental Test of Gestalt Theory
		Gestalt Principles of Perception
		Gestalt Notions of Consciousness
	Application Versus Pure Science
	Industrial Psychology
		Psychologists' Advice for Increasing the Supply
		Increasing the Demand: Advertising
	Clinical Applications
		Mental Hygiene
		Psychoanalysis
		Secessions From Freud
		Relations Between Psychoanalysis and Psychology
		Psychoanalytic Influences on Clinical Psychology
		Freud's Cultural Context
	Child Study and Developmental Psychology
	Social Psychology/Sociology
10 Age of Theory: Why Are There So Many Different Psychological Theories?
	Psychology and the Scientific Method
		Developments in Statistics and Measurement
	Learning Theories
		Learning Theorists' Goals
		Questions About Learning
		Learning Theorists' Answers
		Comparative Psychology and Learning
		Learning Theory and the Psyche
	Social and Personality Theory
		Methods in Social Research
		Social Theorists' Questions
	Developmental Theory
	Clinical Psychology
		Personnel Testing
		Educational Testing
		Intelligence Testing
		Diagnostic Testing
		Psychotic Mental Illness
		Neurotic Mental Illness
11 When Motivation Is the Question: Why Do We Do What We Do?
	Experimental Psychology
		Learning and Motivation
		Physiological Learning
		Mathematical/Mechanistic Learning
		The Contingencies of Reinforcement
		Learning and Loss of Motivation
	Information Processing
	Comparative Psychology
		Ethology
		Animal Psychology
		Interactions
		Integration and Synthesis
	Developmental Psychology
		Attachment and Loss
		Social Learning Theory
		Temperament
	Social Psychology
		The Zeitgeist
		Social Statistics and Research Designs
		Ethics in Research
	The Humanistic/Existential Movement
		Reasons for Humanistic Theory
		Humanistic Psychology as Personality Theory
		Humanistic Psychology as Therapy
		The Fate of the Humanistic Movement
	Clinical Psychology
		Defining Personality
		Causes of Mental Illness
		Therapy
		The Effectiveness of Therapy
12 The Mind Returns: What Questions Are Psychologists Exploring Now?
	From Learning to Cognition
		Cognitive Science
		Artificial Intelligence
		Neuroscience
		Cognitive Neuroscience
	Comparative Psychology
		Sociobiology
		Evolutionary Psychology
		Animal Language Learning
	Social Psychology
		Social Cognition
		Cultural Influences on Social Behavior
	Developmental Psychology
		Infant Skills
		Behavior Genetics
		The Role of Nurture
		The Nature of the Interaction
		Future Directions
	Statistical and Methodological Changes
	Clinical Psychology
		Treatments
		The Future of Clinical Psychology
	Positive Psychology
	Psychology of Women
	Psychology of Religion
	Industrial/Organizational Psychology
	Psychology for Tomorrow
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index