History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, 8750 Ad to the End of the 15th Century

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
Description Of The Project......Page 12
Members Of The International Scientific Committee......Page 15
Members Of The Reading Committee......Page 16
List Of Contributors......Page 17
Introduction......Page 19
Muhammad Seyfeydinovich Asimov (Asimi) - In Piam Memoriam......Page 22
Central Asia On The Eve Of The Arab Incursions......Page 24
The Appearance Of The Arabs......Page 25
The Course Of The Abbasid Revolution And Its Significance......Page 26
The Aftermath Of The Abbasid Revolution And The Fall Of Abu Muslim......Page 31
The Consolidation Of Abbasid Power......Page 34
Political, Social And Sectarian Dissent In The Early Abbasid Period......Page 37
The Achievement Of A Degree Of Stability Under Al-Ma'mun......Page 40
2. Sectarian And National Movements In Iran, Khurasan And Transoxania During Umayyad And Early Abbasid Times......Page 42
The Kharijite movement......Page 43
Currents Of Shiism: The Kaysaniyya And The Hashimiyya......Page 45
Heterodox Muslim And Neo-mazdakite Movements: Al-muqanna, Bäbak, And Others......Page 47
The Later Development Of Shiism: The Twelvers, The Zaydis And The Ismailis......Page 52
The Beginnings Of The Disintegration Of The Abbasid Caliphate In The East......Page 57
The Oghuz......Page 62
The Kimek......Page 70
The Kïpchak......Page 73
The Creation Of The Samanid State......Page 78
The Nature Of Political Authority Under The Samanids......Page 81
Agriculture......Page 82
Crafts......Page 84
Domestic And External Trade......Page 85
Material Culture......Page 87
Intellectual Life......Page 88
The ethnic composition of the Samanid state andthe creation of an Eastern Persian-Tajik ethnic identity......Page 95
The Prehistory Of The Ghaznavids......Page 96
The Establishment Of Sebüktegin In Ghazna......Page 98
The Succession Of Mahmüd......Page 100
The Zenith Of The Empire Under Mahmüd......Page 101
Masud And The Seljuqs......Page 108
The Nature And Structure Of The Ghaznavid State......Page 111
Cultural And Intellectual Life......Page 115
Agriculture And Trade......Page 116
Sources For Karakhanid History......Page 120
The Conquest Of Transoxania By The Karakhanids: The Division Into Appanages......Page 121
The Two Karakhanid Khanates; The Policy Of Ibrahim b. Nasr Tamghach Khan......Page 127
Karakhanids, Seljuqs And Kara Khitay......Page 131
The Karakhanids And The Khwarazm Shah Muhammad B. Tekish......Page 135
Iqtas And The Structure Of The State......Page 137
Towns And Trade......Page 141
Part One - The Origins Of The Seljuqs And The Establishment Of Seljuq Power In The Islamic Lands Up To 1055......Page 146
Historical Survey......Page 156
Historical Survey......Page 162
The Structure Of The Eastern Seljuq State......Page 173
The Structure Of The Khwarazmian State......Page 174
The Region Of Ghur And The Beginnings Of Islamization......Page 178
The Rise Of The Ghurids As An Independent Power......Page 181
The Apogee Of The Ghurid Sultanate......Page 182
The Ghurid Sultanate As A World Power......Page 185
The Political And Social Organization Of The Ghurid State......Page 187
Cultural developments......Page 190
Part One - The Uighurs In Mongolia And The Kyrgyz......Page 192
Part Two - The Uighur Kingdom Of Kocho......Page 201
Part Three - The Tangut Hsi Hsia Kingdom (982-1227)......Page 207
10. The Western Himalayan States......Page 216
The Trakhan Dynasty Of Gilgit......Page 217
The Ayash Ruling Family Of Hunza......Page 219
Baltistan......Page 220
Long-Term Socio-Economic Developments......Page 222
Socio-Religious Developments......Page 225
The Rise Of The Kitan......Page 228
The Rise Of The Kara Khitay......Page 235
12. The Mongols And Their State In The Twelfth To The Thirteenth Century......Page 244
The Socio-economic And Political Situation......Page 245
Chinggis Khan And The Founding Of The Mongol State......Page 247
Chinggis Khan's Campaigns Of Conquest: The Foundation Of The Mongol Empire......Page 253
The Mongol Empire During The Reign Of Chinggis Khan's Successors......Page 255
The Yüan Empire Of The Mongols And Its Fall......Page 259
Tarbaghatai Were Assigned To ögedey, Who Resided In Chughuchak. The Young-......Page 262
To The Great Khan ögedey. The Following Story By The Historian Rashid Al-din......Page 263
Expected, The Princes Of ögedey's Lineage Opposed This Decision And Were......Page 264
Small Town Of Sabqu-bala, And Talighu (son Of Qadami, Son Of Böri, Son Of......Page 265
ögedey.......Page 266
Background......Page 270
Shams Al-Din Iltutmish (1210-36)......Page 271
Näsir Al-Din Mahmud (1246-66) And Ghiyath Al-Din Balban (Ulugh Khan) (1266-87)......Page 272
Jalal Al-Din Firuz Khalji (1290-6) And Ala' Al-Din Khalji (1296-1316)......Page 273
Income Levels Among The Ruling And Scholarly Élites......Page 277
Agrarian Conditions In The Fourteenth Century......Page 278
Social And Economic Developments In The Fourteenth Century: Urbanization, Crafts, Etc.......Page 279
The Tughluqids (1320-1412)......Page 280
The Sayyids (1414-51)......Page 287
The Lödis (1451-1526)......Page 289
The Abbasid Period And The Fatimid Interlude (Mid-eighth To The End Of The Tenth Century)......Page 294
The Period Of The Ghaznavid And Ghurid Sultanates (Eleventh And Twelfth Centuries)......Page 297
The Era Of The Local Independent States (Thirteenth To Early Sixteenth Century)......Page 300
Part Two - Kashmir Under The Sultans Of The Shah Mir Dynasty (1339-1561)......Page 306
16. Central Asia Under Timur From 1370 To The Early Fifteenth Century......Page 320
Formation Of Timur's Empire......Page 321
The Sarbadar movement......Page 323
Balkh And Samarkand Under Timur......Page 324
Reorganization Of Timur's Army......Page 326
Timur's Military Campaigns......Page 329
Socio-economic Conditions Under Timur......Page 336
Urban Development, Crafts And Trade......Page 339
Relations With West European Rulers......Page 342
The Succession Struggle......Page 343
The Aftermath Of Timur's Death......Page 348
The Rule Of Ulugh Beg......Page 349
The Power Struggle Following Shah Rukh's Death......Page 351
The Realm Divides......Page 352
Landownership And Taxation......Page 354
Towns, Handicrafts And Trade......Page 359
The Dasht-i Kïpchak At The End Of The Fifteenth Century And The Beginning Of The Sixteenth......Page 362
Religious Groups Of The Middle East In Early Islamic Times......Page 366
The Rise Of Sufism And The Sufi Orders In Central Asia......Page 369
Socio-Religious And Politico-Religious Movements......Page 375
Sufi Orders In India......Page 378
The Mahdawi Movement......Page 381
Food And Diet......Page 382
Dress......Page 386
Shelter, Crafts And Dress......Page 388
Food And Diet......Page 390
Coinage And The Circulation Of Money From The Eighth To The Tenth Century......Page 392
Coinage And The Circulation Of Money From The Eleventh Century To The Beginning Of The Thirteenth......Page 400
Coinage And The Circulation Of Money Under The Mongols (Thirteenth And Fourteenth Centuries)......Page 405
Coinage And The Circulation Of Money In Transoxania Under Timur And The Timurids (Late Fourteenth And Fifteenth Centuries)......Page 409
Part Two - Afghanistan, Pakistan And Northern India......Page 413
Conclusion......Page 422
Maps......Page 424
Bibliography And References......Page 442
Glossary......Page 470
Index......Page 474
Back Cover......Page 487