History of Civilizations of Central Asia - Vol. 6: Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
PREFACE OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT......Page 14
MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE......Page 18
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS......Page 20
INTRODUCTION......Page 24
Part I : CONTINUITY AND CHANGE......Page 28
Introduction......Page 30
The new political and strategic situation in the second half of the nineteenth century: the steppes–oasis equation under colonia......Page 32
The parameters of Russian expansion: from opportunistic colonization to ‘armed status quo’......Page 40
Introduction......Page 52
Infrastructure......Page 62
Manufacturing and trade......Page 69
Transforming societies......Page 74
Conclusion......Page 77
3. SOCIAL STRUCTURES IN CENTRAL ASIA......Page 80
Settled populations in the oases......Page 83
The nomadic population......Page 86
Impact of Russian rule......Page 91
The religious establishment......Page 97
Artisans......Page 100
Slaves......Page 101
Part One - FROM THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY TO 1918......Page 104
Iran......Page 105
Afghanistan......Page 108
Kashgharia......Page 111
The strategic context......Page 113
5. TSARIST RUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA......Page 126
Administration......Page 131
Economic development and the creation of infrastructure......Page 141
Banking and foreign capital......Page 145
Relations with Islam......Page 148
Scientific interest in Central Asia......Page 150
Jadidism......Page 152
6. ESTABLISHMENT OF SOVIET POWER IN CENTRAL ASIA (1917–24)......Page 154
The role of religion......Page 186
Intellectuals and poets among the nomadic peoples......Page 188
Intellectuals and poets among the oasis peoples......Page 191
The new generation of Jadids......Page 195
Pan-Turkism......Page 205
Impact of the Jadids......Page 207
Part II : POLITICAL CHANGES AND STATE FORMATION......Page 212
From the 1850s to the 1920s......Page 214
From the 1920s to the 1990s......Page 218
Conclusion......Page 225
Soviet Uzbekistan......Page 226
Independent Uzbekistan......Page 243
The tsarist period......Page 248
The Alash movement......Page 253
Soviet history......Page 257
Prior to independence......Page 261
Independence......Page 263
The Kyrgyz under Russian colonial rule (1850–1917)......Page 264
Soviet Kyrgyzstan......Page 272
Economic developments......Page 277
Population and social developments......Page 280
Afterword......Page 286
Political history......Page 290
Economic and social development......Page 294
Culture and science......Page 302
Independence......Page 303
13. TURKMENISTAN......Page 306
Political developments (1850–60)......Page 310
The Russian conquest......Page 316
The Soviet era......Page 319
Khakassia......Page 330
Tuva......Page 334
Altai......Page 339
Buriatia......Page 343
The rise of the Qing empire and the dissolution of the world of Central Eurasia......Page 348
Qing rule over the Mongols: organization and institutions......Page 350
Mongol society in decline (from the mid-nineteenth century)......Page 352
Mongolia in Russo-Qing relations (from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century)......Page 354
Mongolia during the final years of the Qing......Page 356
The 1911 Mongol declaration of independence and international relations......Page 359
The birth of the People’s Republic......Page 364
The suppression of Buddhism......Page 367
Soviet purges in Mongolia......Page 369
The MPR during the Second World War......Page 371
Part Three - THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC: SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION AND ITS CHALLENGES (1945–90)......Page 372
On the path to democratization and the free market......Page 377
16. WESTERN CHINA (XINJIANG)......Page 380
From the mid-nineteenth century to the 1911 revolution......Page 381
The republican period (1912–49)......Page 387
A new chapter in Xinjiang’s history (October 1949 to 1990)......Page 399
Early colonial rule......Page 406
The revolt of 1857......Page 407
After 1857......Page 408
Early nationalism......Page 410
Nationalism and Indian capitalists......Page 413
The coming of Gandhi......Page 414
Mass mobilization, independence and partition......Page 415
Independent India......Page 419
18. PAKISTAN (SINCE 1947)......Page 424
The Ayub Khan era......Page 427
The Yahya Khan regime......Page 429
The Bhutto era......Page 431
The Zia era......Page 433
The democratic era......Page 436
Part One - AFGHANISTAN FROM 1850 TO 1919......Page 440
Part Two - FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE RISE OF THE TALIBAN......Page 448
The last Qajar kings (1848–1925)......Page 462
The Pahlavi dynasty (1925–79)......Page 480
The Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini (1979–89)......Page 489
Part III : ENVIRONMENT, SOCIETY AND CULTURE......Page 492
Overview......Page 494
South Asian landscapes......Page 506
South-West Asia......Page 508
Part One - THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA......Page 530
Iran and the Islamic Republic of Iran......Page 540
Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan......Page 546
India......Page 550
Pakistan......Page 560
Education......Page 564
The press......Page 572
Public health......Page 578
Conclusion......Page 583
Appendix......Page 585
24. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY......Page 588
Afghanistan......Page 591
Iran and the Islamic Republic of Iran......Page 593
Kazakhstan......Page 596
Kyrgyzstan......Page 598
Mongolia......Page 601
North India......Page 605
Pakistan......Page 609
Tajikistan......Page 612
Turkmenistan......Page 615
Uzbekistan......Page 618
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region......Page 620
The overall cultural situation......Page 624
Pottery......Page 625
Copper embossing......Page 629
Jewellery......Page 633
Felt products......Page 642
Carpet-making......Page 646
Artistic fabrics......Page 655
Embroidery......Page 659
Leather goods......Page 668
Bone carving......Page 670
Wood painting......Page 673
Miniatures and other arts......Page 676
Modern fine arts: painting in the twentieth century......Page 677
Conclusion......Page 694
The late Qing period (1850–1912)......Page 696
The Republican period (1912–49)......Page 710
The modern period (1949–90)......Page 712
Part Two - UIGHUR VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE......Page 720
The Uighur house......Page 723
Introduction......Page 732
Fine arts from the ‘second conversion’ to 1900......Page 733
Buddhist architecture to 1900......Page 738
Architecture and the fine arts in the early twentieth century......Page 740
Fine arts, 1921–90......Page 746
Architecture, 1921–90......Page 753
The contemporary art scene......Page 756
Painting......Page 758
Sculpture......Page 773
Miniature painting......Page 774
Theatre......Page 776
Cinema......Page 781
Photography......Page 787
Painting......Page 789
Theatre......Page 791
Cinema......Page 793
Part Two - INDIA AND PAKISTAN......Page 795
Cinema......Page 805
The tsarist colonial period......Page 810
The Soviet period......Page 811
The post-Soviet era......Page 816
Introduction......Page 820
Architecture and urban planning during the tsarist period (nineteenth and early twentieth centuries)......Page 822
Architecture and urban planning during the Soviet period (1920s–90s)......Page 832
Conclusion......Page 858
Part One - LITERATURE IN PERSIAN......Page 860
Neoclassicism (the Bazgasht school)......Page 861
The dawn of enlightenment: the pre-constitutional period......Page 863
The constitutional period: the outburst of social and political literature......Page 864
The reign of Reza Shah and the beginnings of modern poetry......Page 867
Breaking traditions: new poetry (she'r-e now)......Page 868
Fiction in modern Persian literature......Page 872
Classical literature......Page 877
Modern prose and journalism......Page 878
Literary studies and novels......Page 880
The post-communist period......Page 882
Part Three - LITERATURE IN TAJIK......Page 884
Kashmiri......Page 888
Punjabi......Page 892
Sindhi......Page 899
Urdu......Page 904
Part One - LITERATURE IN TURKIC......Page 914
Urban literature......Page 915
The literature of the steppe and mountains......Page 919
Part Two - LITERATURE IN MONGOLIAN......Page 922
Inner Mongolia and Dzungaria......Page 931
Kalmukia......Page 933
Buriatia......Page 934
CONCLUSION......Page 938
MAPS......Page 942
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES......Page 952
GLOSSARY......Page 1004
INDEX......Page 1006
BACK COVER......Page 1036