History of Africa

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 6
Long Contents......Page 8
List of Maps......Page 13
List of Illustrations......Page 16
About the Website......Page 21
Preface......Page 22
Historiography......Page 24
Climate and environment in the history of Africa......Page 26
SECTION 1 EARLY AND LATER PREHISTORY......Page 30
Human evolution......Page 32
Homo sapiens, the hunter-gatherer......Page 39
Further climate change, adaptation and the ancestry of African languages......Page 42
The impact of agriculture......Page 46
The origins of farming and pastoralism in tropical Africa......Page 48
Ancient Egypt and Nubia......Page 54
SECTION 2 EARLY IRON AGE......Page 70
The spread and impact of early metalworking......Page 72
Origins and spread of ironworking......Page 73
The Iron Age Kingdom of Meroe......Page 77
The origins and rise of Aksum......Page 83
Iron Age north Africa and early trans-Saharan trade......Page 87
Evidence for the spread of ironworking......Page 90
Origins of the Early Iron Age in sub-equatorial Africa......Page 93
The spread of the Early Iron Age......Page 94
The development and organisation of Early Iron Age society......Page 98
SECTION 3 RELIGION AND EMPIRE IN NORTHERN AND WESTERN AFRICA......Page 101
Northern Africa in the Graeco-Roman period......Page 103
Early Christianity in northern Africa......Page 107
The Arab invasions: the Nile valley and the Maghrib......Page 110
Trans-Saharan trade......Page 115
The Kingdom of Ancient Ghana......Page 118
Other early west African states and societies......Page 123
The Almoravids......Page 125
The Muslim states of north Africa, 1100–1500......Page 127
The Empire of Mali......Page 128
The decline of Mali......Page 135
The origins and rise of Songhay......Page 136
The Fulbe (or Fulani)......Page 141
SECTION 4 RELIGION, TRADE AND CHIEFTAINCY IN EASTERN, CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA......Page 142
The Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, 850–1550......Page 144
Muslim penetration of Ethiopia and Somalia, 850–1550......Page 148
Pastoralists and farmers of the east African interior......Page 151
State formation north of the Zambezi......Page 157
Cattle keeping and state formation south of the Zambezi......Page 163
The origins and character of the Great Zimbabwe tradition......Page 166
Cattle-keeping peoples south of the Limpopo......Page 173
The origins of east African coastal trading society......Page 176
The growth of Swahili trading towns......Page 181
The Portuguese on the east African coast, 1498–1600......Page 185
Madagascar......Page 190
SECTION 5 WEST AFRICA IN THE ERA OF THE SLAVE TRADE......Page 192
Slavery in Africa before the Atlantic trade......Page 194
The origins of European maritime trade with west Africa......Page 195
The nature of the slave trade......Page 198
Profit from the slave trade: the European dimension......Page 205
The fall of the Songhay Empire......Page 207
The Sultanate of Borno-Kanem......Page 209
The Hausa city-states......Page 211
Wolof kingdoms of Senegambia......Page 213
Kingdoms of the forest: Ife and Benin......Page 214
Oyo and Dahomey, savannah states of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries......Page 218
The Kingdom of Asante......Page 220
SECTION 6 STATE RENEWAL AND FORMATION IN NORTH, EAST,CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA......Page 223
The ‘Arabisation’ of northern Africa......Page 225
From Fatimid to Mamluk: Egypt before the Ottoman conquest......Page 226
States of the Maghrib, sixteenth to eighteenth century......Page 230
Nubia and the Funj Sultanate......Page 233
Oromo migrations and the kingdom of Ethiopia......Page 234
The east African interior west of the Victoria Nyanza......Page 238
The east African interior east of the Victoria Nyanza......Page 241
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo forest......Page 243
West-central Africa in the era of the slave trade......Page 244
Central African empires and the growth of trade......Page 248
The early Cape Colony: white settlement and Khoesan resistance, 1650–1770......Page 254
States and societies of the southern African interior, 1600–1800......Page 261
SECTION 7 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY BEFORE THE EUROPEAN ‘SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA’......Page 267
Islamic jihads in the western Sudan......Page 269
Chapter 17 The ending of the Atlantic slave trade......Page 276
West African commerce in the nineteenth century......Page 279
European Christian missionaries in precolonial Africa......Page 283
Sierra Leone and Liberia......Page 284
African Christians and precolonial nationalism......Page 287
Western-central Africa in the nineteenth century......Page 293
Kingdom of the floodplain......Page 296
The development of long-distance trade in eastern-central Africa......Page 298
The east African slave trade......Page 301
The trade in ivory and slaves in the interior of central Africa......Page 304
Madagascar: the rise of the Merina Kingdom......Page 308
Chapter 20 Preindustrial southern Africa in the nineteenth century......Page 309
The British at the Cape......Page 318
The Boer Trek and African resistance......Page 321
Southern Africa in 1870......Page 326
The French in north Africa and Algerian resistance......Page 328
Egypt and Sudan......Page 331
The reunification of Ethiopia......Page 339
SECTION 8 THE CHALLENGE OF CULTURAL AND POLITICALIMPERIALISM, LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY......Page 344
European ‘explorers’: the mapping of Africa as a prelude to empire......Page 346
The ‘Scramble for Africa’......Page 352
Conquest and resistance......Page 357
The southern African mineral revolution......Page 370
The British ‘scramble’ for south-central Africa......Page 375
Wars of conquest and resistance in Mozambique......Page 379
Conquest and resistance in Namibia......Page 381
The South African War, 1899–1902......Page 382
SECTION 9 THE IMPACTAND NATURE OF COLONIAL RULE, 1890–1945......Page 385
Raw materials and markets......Page 387
Peasant producers, railways and white settlement in British east Africa......Page 393
Rebellion in the German colonies......Page 395
Missionaries, Christianity and early expressions of ‘nationalism’......Page 397
The First World War and Africa, 1914–18......Page 400
The economic impact of colonial rule......Page 406
The nature and impact of colonial administration......Page 412
The spread of Islam in tropical west Africa......Page 416
Education: from precolonial tradition to colonial reality......Page 417
African nationalism and protest movements in the interwar years......Page 420
Segregation, nationalism and protest in South Africa......Page 423
Fascist aggression and the Second World War in north and northeast Africa......Page 425
The impact of the war on Africa and Africans......Page 431
SECTION 10 THE OVERTHROW OF COLONIALISM......Page 435
Colonial development strategies......Page 437
The winning of independence in British West Africa......Page 438
The winning of independence in French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa......Page 441
The struggle for independence in the Maghrib......Page 444
Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea and Somalia......Page 446
British East Africa......Page 451
Independence in Belgian-ruled central Africa......Page 457
Independence on the islands......Page 463
Federation and independence in British Central Africa......Page 466
The winning of independence in Portuguese-ruled Africa......Page 473
The struggle for freedom in southern Africa......Page 475
SECTION 11 AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE......Page 485
The political legacy......Page 486
The economic legacy: underdevelopment and dependency......Page 489
The early drive for economic development......Page 491
The role of the military in African politics......Page 494
The socialist alternative......Page 496
Debt......Page 501
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)......Page 502
The CFA franc zone......Page 503
Globalisation......Page 504
International aid......Page 505
African international cooperation......Page 506
Democratic progress in the 1990s......Page 510
Conflict and resolution......Page 512
Health and environment......Page 520
Political stability and contemporary Africa......Page 523
Suggestions for further reading......Page 525
Section 4: Religion, trade and chieftaincy in eastern, central and southern Africa (Chapters 8, 9 and 10)......Page 526
Section 7: The nineteenth century before the European ‘Scramble for Africa’ (Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21)......Page 527
Section 8: The challenge of cultural and political imperialism, late nineteenth century (Chapters 22 and 23)......Page 528
Section 10: The overthrow of colonialism (Chapters 27, 28 and 29)......Page 529
Section 11: Africa since independence (Chapters 30, 31 and 32)......Page 530
Index......Page 532