History and clinical examination at a glance

 Content: Preface 7 List of abbreviations 9 Part 1  Communication skills  1 Fundamental communication skills 10 2 Communicating information 12 3 Communicating bad news 14 4 Communicating with relatives 16 5 Cultural differences 18 6 Exploring sensitive issues 20 7 History and examination in clinical exams 22 Part 2  Taking a history  8 Relationship with patient 24 9 History of presenting complaint 26 10 Past medical history, drugs and allergies 28 11 Family and social history 30 12 Functional enquiry 31 Part 3  History and examination of the systems  13 Is the patient ill? 32 14 Principles of examination 34 15 The cardiovascular system 36 16 The respiratory system 40 17 The gastrointestinal system 42 18 The male genitourinary system 44 19 Gynaecological history and examination 46 20 Breast examination 48 21 Obstetric history and examination 49 22 The nervous system 50 23 The musculoskeletal system 54 24 Skin 56 25 The visual system 58 26 Examination of the ears, nose, mouth, throat, thyroid and neck 60 27 Examination of urine 61 28 The psychiatric assessment 62 29 Examination of the legs 65 30 General examination 66 31 Presenting a history and examination 68 Part 4  Presentations  32 Chest pain 70 33 Abdominal pain 72 34 Headache 74 35 Vomiting, diarrhoea and change in bowel habit 76 36 Gastrointestinal haemorrhage 79 37 Indigestion and dysphagia 80 38 Weight loss 82 39 Fatigue 84 40 The unconscious patient 86 41 The intensive care unit patient 88 42 Back pain 90 43 Hypertension 92 44 Swollen legs 94 45 Jaundice 95 46 Postoperative fever 96 47 Suspected meningitis 97 48 Anaemia 98 49 Lymphadenopathy 100 50 Cough 101 51 Confusion 102 52 Lump 104 53 Breast lump 105 54 Palpitations/arrhythmias 106 55 Joint problems 107 56 Red eye 108 57 Dizziness 109 58 Breathlessness 110 59 Dysuria and haematuria 112 60 Attempted suicide 114 61 Immunosuppressed patients 116 62 Diagnosing death 117 63 Shock 118 64 Trauma 120 65 Alcohol-related problems 122 66 Collapse 124 Part 5  Conditions   Cardiovascular  67 Myocardial infarction and angina 126 68 Hypovolaemia 128 69 Heart failure 130 70 Mitral stenosis 132 71 Mitral regurgitation 133 72 Aortic stenosis 134 73 Aortic regurgitation 136 74 Tricuspid regurgitation 138 75 Pulmonary stenosis 139 76 Congenital heart disease 140 77 Aortic dissection 142 78 Aortic aneurysm 144 79 Infective endocarditis 146 80 Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis 148 81 Prosthetic cardiac valves 150 82 Peripheral vascular disease 151  Endocrine/metabolic  83 Diabetes mellitus 152 84 Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism 154 85 Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome 156 86 Hypopituitarism 157 87 Acromegaly 158  Nephrology and urology  88 Renal failure 160 89 Polycystic kidney disease 162 90 Nephrotic syndrome 163 91 Urinary symptoms 164 92 Testicular lumps 166  Gastrointestinal  93 Chronic liver disease 168 94 Infl ammatory bowel disease 170 95 Splenomegaly/hepatosplenomegaly 171 96 Acute abdomen 172 97 Pancreatitis 174 98 Abdominal mass 176 99 Appendicitis 177  Respiratory  100 Asthma 178 101 Pneumonia 180 102 Pleural effusion 181 103 Fibrosing alveolitis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and sarcoidosis 182 104 Carcinoma of the lung 184 105 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 186 106 Pneumothorax 188 107 Tuberculosis 189  Neurology  108 Stroke 190 109 Parkinson's disease 192 110 Motor neurone disease 193 111 Multiple sclerosis 194 112 Peripheral neuropathy 196 113 Carpal tunnel syndrome 197 114 Myotonic dystrophy and muscular dystrophy 198 115 Myasthenia gravis 200 116 Cerebellar disorders 201 117 Dementia 202  Musculoskeletal  118 Rheumatoid arthritis 204 119 Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis 206 120 Gout and Paget's disease 208 121 Ankylosing spondylitis 209  Other  122 Systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis 210 123 Malignant disease 212 124 Scleroderma 213 125 AIDS and HIV 214 Appendix: A self-assessment framework of communication skills in history and examination 216 Index 217