Historical Aspects of Critical Illness and Critical Care Medicine, An Issue of Critical Care Clinics

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Dedication......Page 4
The History and Evolution of Circulatory Shock......Page 5
Sphygmomanometer......Page 6
Cardiac Output Assessment and the Pulmonary Artery Catheter......Page 8
Definitions......Page 11
Nervous system dysfunction......Page 12
Circulating volume loss......Page 15
Circulating ‘‘factors’’......Page 17
Origins of the Modern Era of Shock Research......Page 19
Septic Shock......Page 21
Cardiogenic Shock......Page 23
Summary......Page 25
References......Page 26
Wound care......Page 34
Shock......Page 39
Organizational systems and transport......Page 43
References......Page 46
Preparedness Lessons from Modern Disasters and Wars......Page 49
Relevance to Today and Clinical Teaching Points......Page 50
Summary......Page 51
Lessons for Critical Care......Page 52
Summary......Page 53
Lessons for Critical Care......Page 54
Summary......Page 55
Lessons for Critical Care......Page 56
Lesson in evacuation surge capacity......Page 57
Summary......Page 58
Relevance to Today and Clinical Teaching Points......Page 59
Summary......Page 60
References......Page 61
Poliomyelitis......Page 68
Legionnaire’s disease......Page 70
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome......Page 71
Pneumocystis jirovicii (formerly carinii)......Page 72
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome......Page 74
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis......Page 75
Severe acute respiratory syndrome......Page 77
Influenza......Page 79
References......Page 80
Sepsis and the ancient Greeks and Romans......Page 83
Early work on the transmission of infectious disease and the discovery of ‘‘animacules’’......Page 84
The golden age of germ theory: Semmelweiss, Lister, Koch and Pasteur......Page 85
Magic bullets and early antibiotics......Page 88
The discovery of the role of endotoxin......Page 90
The coagulation system......Page 92
Cytokines......Page 93
Nitric oxide......Page 94
Classification and clinical theories of septic shock......Page 95
Hemodynamics......Page 96
References......Page 98
Cardiogenic Shock: A Historical Perspective......Page 102
Summary......Page 110
References......Page 111
A History of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis......Page 114
Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism......Page 115
Electrocardiogram......Page 116
Chest Radiograph......Page 117
Pulmonary Angiograms......Page 118
Lung Scans......Page 119
Echocardiography......Page 120
Natural History......Page 121
Pulmonary Embolectomy......Page 122
Venous Interruption......Page 123
Prevention......Page 125
Thrombolytic Therapy......Page 126
Referrences......Page 127
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: From the Beginning to the Present Day......Page 131
Airway......Page 132
Ventilation......Page 133
Chest Compression......Page 135
Defibrillation and External Pacing......Page 136
Modern CPR......Page 137
Ventilation and Chest Compression......Page 139
Defibrillation......Page 140
Summary......Page 141
References......Page 142
Acknowledgments......Page 150
Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation......Page 152
Other forms of neurogenic respiratory failure......Page 153
Critical care emerges as a discipline from the management of poliomyelitis......Page 154
Head trauma......Page 155
Intracranial pressure management......Page 156
Coma and death by neurologic criteria......Page 157
Status epilepticus......Page 158
References......Page 159
Acknowledgments......Page 162
Pulmonary Artery Catheter......Page 163
The Early Years......Page 164
Brief History of Dialysis......Page 165
Which Modality is Better to Treat Acute Renal Failure in the ICU?......Page 166
The Early Years......Page 167
Summary......Page 168
The Early Ventilators......Page 169
Positive End Expiratory Pressure for Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 170
Microprocessors-Based Ventilators......Page 171
Summary......Page 172
References......Page 173
Historical Perspectives in Critical Care Medicine: Blood Transfusion, Intravenous Fluids, Inotropes/Vasopressors, and Antibiotics......Page 178
History of blood transfusion in critical illness......Page 179
Blood and War......Page 180
Recent Developments......Page 181
History of intravenous fluids......Page 182
Fluid Infusion for Shock and Surgery......Page 184
History of the development of vasopressors and inotropes......Page 185
History of antimicrobials in critical care......Page 188
Glycopeptides......Page 189
Fluoroquinolones......Page 190
Closing remarks......Page 191
References......Page 192
A History of Ethics and Law in the Intensive Care Unit......Page 198
The evolution of ICUs......Page 199
Informed consent and the law......Page 200
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and do-not-resuscitate orders......Page 201
Withholding and withdrawing of life-sustaining therapy......Page 202
Legal cases involving life support......Page 204
Advance directives......Page 205
Futility and the allocation of medical resources......Page 207
References......Page 209
Evolution of the Intensive Care Unit as a Clinical Center and Critical Care Medicine as a Discipline......Page 215
Acknowledgment......Page 217
Mobile ICUs and transport critical care medicine......Page 218
Critical care medicine societies and congresses......Page 219
Education and board certification......Page 221
Simulation in critical care medicine training......Page 222
Research and publications......Page 223
Future challenges......Page 224
References......Page 225