Historic concrete: background to appraisal

Title Page......Page 1
Contents......Page 4
James Sutherland, Dawn Humm and Mike Chrimes......Page 3
hcbta.28753.0001.pdf......Page 6
Visual aspects of concrete......Page 9
The durability of concrete......Page 11
Further detailed information on historic concrete......Page 12
References......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
Plain concrete......Page 17
Development of reinforced concrete in Europe......Page 20
Development of reinforced concrete in the USA......Page 22
The work of Robert Maillart, 1872–1940......Page 23
The work of Eugène Freyssinet, 1879–1962......Page 25
The architect and the new material — reinforced concrete......Page 28
Eduardo Torroja, 1889–1961......Page 34
Pier Luigi Nervi, 1891–1979......Page 36
Postwar construction in Europe......Page 38
The work of Felix Candela (b. 1910)......Page 42
Long-span bridges and tall buildings......Page 43
Conclusions......Page 47
References......Page 48
Introduction......Page 50
Binders and aggregates......Page 51
A solution to foundation problems......Page 53
The early use of mortar and concrete in flooring......Page 54
Hoop iron in brickwork and concrete......Page 57
Flat floors without iron — ‘Bold; be not too bold’......Page 58
Practical application of reinforcement to floors......Page 60
Summary of structural uses of cement and concrete in the 19th century......Page 67
References......Page 68
Further Reading......Page 69
The early years of reinforced concrete in Britain......Page 71
Procurement of concrete construction......Page 74
The systems develop......Page 76
Construction practice......Page 80
Variations of technique and form......Page 81
The era comes to an end: The First World War and later......Page 84
References......Page 85
Early design guidance......Page 87
The 1915 Reinforced Concrete Regulations......Page 88
From 1918 to 1934......Page 89
The first British concrete code......Page 92
Structural concrete in the 1930s......Page 94
The Second World War......Page 96
Post-war reconstruction......Page 99
Codes and standards since 1948......Page 102
Changes in design practice......Page 103
Technical information and design guidance......Page 104
References......Page 105
Introduction......Page 108
Cement standards......Page 109
Changes in the properties of Portland cement: the effect on concrete......Page 110
The use of PFA and GGBS in concrete......Page 113
Concrete: impact of changes in design standards and construction practices......Page 114
Durability and whole-life costing......Page 116
High-alumina cement (HAC) concrete......Page 117
References......Page 118
Early use of concrete in foundations......Page 120
Raft foundations and concrete footings......Page 123
Pile foundations......Page 126
Case studies: prior to 1914......Page 132
Reinforced concrete retaining walls96......Page 138
Diaphragm walls 159–164......Page 149
Bored piled retaining walls......Page 151
Design of foundations......Page 155
References......Page 158
Synopsis......Page 167
References......Page 177
The postwar construction industry......Page 178
Shell layouts......Page 179
Design......Page 184
Detailing......Page 185
Examples of jobs......Page 186
References......Page 190
The early years......Page 191
Early post-war use of prestressing......Page 193
Steel......Page 195
Pre-tensioned concrete......Page 196
Stressing systems (post-tensioning)......Page 197
Prestressed concrete units......Page 203
Prestressed concrete frames......Page 208
Special applications......Page 209
References......Page 210
Early British development......Page 211
Early reinforced concrete bridges in Britain......Page 212
Mouchel-Hennebique Bridges 29–32......Page 215
Other systems......Page 218
Road bridges between the wars......Page 221
New bridge forms......Page 224
Footbridges......Page 228
Railway bridges......Page 230
Precast concrete......Page 231
Movement matters......Page 234
Loading......Page 238
Load tests......Page 239
Service life......Page 240
Conclusions......Page 241
References......Page 242
Concrete bridges after the war......Page 250
Early prestressed bridges in Britain — the 1940s and 1950s......Page 251
Early prestressed railway bridges......Page 257
Larger bridges — 1954 onwards......Page 260
Smaller bridges since 1957......Page 264
Precast bridges and standard beams......Page 265
Ancillary items......Page 267
Structural analysis......Page 268
Postscript......Page 269
References......Page 270
Introduction......Page 273
The early years (1900–20)......Page 276
The 1920s and 1930s......Page 282
War time......Page 286
Post-war until the 1970s......Page 288
Offshore and North Sea oil......Page 293
Overseas and the Middle East......Page 296
Conclusion......Page 297
References......Page 298
Events preceding the foundation......Page 301
The new Institute......Page 302
Administration and organization......Page 305
Achievements......Page 307
References......Page 311
Applications of concrete......Page 313
Concrete placed in situ......Page 314
Precast segmental linings......Page 317
Shotcrete......Page 318
References......Page 320
General development......Page 321
Sewers......Page 322
Culverts......Page 323
Reservoirs and tanks......Page 324
Water towers......Page 328
Swimming baths......Page 330
Gasholder bases......Page 333
Other structures......Page 335
References......Page 336
Development of cementitious material......Page 340
Pozzolanic materials......Page 342
Transition from masonry to concrete......Page 343
The development of concrete dams......Page 344
Concrete mixes......Page 350
References......Page 353
Structure and composition......Page 355
Modern history of concrete roads......Page 357
Examples of historic concrete roads......Page 360
The future......Page 364
References......Page 366
Early experiments with concrete......Page 367
The forts of the 1859 Royal Commission......Page 368
The First World War......Page 370
The Second World War......Page 371
References......Page 375
hcbta.28753.bm01.pdf......Page 378
A: General reviews of the growth of understanding of structural concrete......Page 379
B: Practical guidance on the identification of concrete structures......Page 385
C: Publications giving guidance on the investigation, appraisal, repair and maintenance of existing concrete structures by Michael Bussell......Page 392
Appendix II: 19th century proprietary floor systems......Page 395
Introduction......Page 400
Early reinforcement systems......Page 401
Early 20th century flooring systems......Page 410
Typical proprietary concrete floors used in the mid-20th century......Page 413
hcbta.28753.bm04.pdf......Page 418
References......Page 420
Index......Page 421