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دانلود کتاب Histology for Pathologists
دانلود کتاب بافت شناسی برای آسیب شناسان
مشخصات کتاب
Histology for Pathologists
دسته بندی: بافت شناسی ویرایش: 5 نویسندگان: Stacey Mills سری: ISBN (شابک) : 1496398947, 9781496398949 ناشر: LWW سال نشر: 2019 تعداد صفحات: 3155 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 279 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 42,000
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پر از بیش از 1000 تصویر، آخرین نسخه از این کلاسیک جامع برنده
جوایز - نوشته شده توسط آسیب شناسان آناتومیک برای پاتولوژیست
های آناتومیک - با اطلاعات جدید در مورد اصول و تکنیک های جراحی
به روز شده است. مانند نسخه های قبلی، این کتاب برای پر کردن
شکاف بین بافت شناسی طبیعی و تغییرات پاتولوژیک طراحی شده است.
- اکنون جدیدترین پیشرفت‌ها و پیشرفت‌های انجام‌شده از نسخه قبلی پنج سال پیش را نشان می‌دهد.
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توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Filled with more than 1,000 images, the latest edition of
this award-winning comprehensive classic—written by anatomic
pathologists for anatomic pathologists—has been updated with
new information on surgical principles and techniques. Like
previous editions, the book is designed to bridge the gap
between normal histology and pathologic alterations.
- Now featuring the latest developments and advances made since the previous edition five years ago.
- Unique among pathology textbooks in using human—as opposed to animal—tissues for discussions on histology.
- Essential reading for all anatomic pathologists, and particularly helpful for pathology residents throughout their training.
- Chapters and sections organized by biological system as well as body region.
- Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone.
- Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.
فهرست مطالب
Title Page Copyright Contributors Preface Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments Contents SECTION I Cutaneous Tissue 1 Skin EMBRYOLOGY Epidermis Dermis Epithelial Skin Appendages HISTOMORPHOLOGY Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Tissue Blood Vessels, Lymphatics, Nerves, and Muscle HISTOLOGIC DIFFERENCES OF SKIN WITH AGE Newborns and Children Elderly HISTOLOGIC VARIATIONS ACCORDING TO ANATOMIC SITES PATHOLOGIC CHANGES FOUND IN BIOPSIES AND INTERPRETED AS “NORMAL SKIN” SPECIMEN HANDLING ARTIFACTS STAINING METHODS Histochemical Stains Immunofluorescence Immunohistochemical Stains/Molecular Studies REFERENCES 2 Nail HISTORY EMBRYOLOGY GENETIC AND NAIL KERATINS GROSS ANATOMY MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY The Nail Plate Proximal Nail Fold Matrix Nail Bed Hyponychium Lateral Nail Folds IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE NAIL UNIT Nail Plate Keratinocytes Merkel Cells Melanocytes Immunology and Inflammatory Cells ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANATOMY CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY OF NAIL OTHER TISSUES OF THE NAIL UNIT Dermis Bone Blood Supply NAIL GROWTH HANDLING AND PROCESSING OF THE NAIL REFERENCES SECTION II Breast 3 Breast EMBRYOLOGY ADOLESCENCE THE ADULT FEMALE BREAST PREGNANCY AND LACTATION MENOPAUSE BLOOD SUPPLY LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE THE ADULT MALE BREAST BIOLOGIC MARKERS, IMMUNOPHENOTYPE, AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor Other Biomarkers and Immunophenotypic Features Molecular Markers CONCLUSION REFERENCES SECTION III Musculoskeletal System 4 Bone BONE—THE ORGAN: GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Woven and Lamellar Bone Cortical (Compact) Bone Cancellous (Trabecular or Spongy) Bone Periosteum Vascular Supply and Innervation Bone Marrow BONE—THE TISSUE: ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPONENTS Organic Components Inorganic Components BONE FORMATION, GROWTH, AND REMODELING Endochondral Ossification Intramembranous Ossification Modeling and Remodeling BONE—HISTOLOGIC ARTIFACTS REFERENCES 5 Joints THE NORMAL JOINT Diarthrodial Joint Amphiarthrodial Joint THE NORMAL JOINT TISSUES Articular Cartilage Synovial Membrane Ligaments and Tendons THE ARTHRITIC JOINT Alteration in Shape TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY Cartilage Bone Ligaments and Tendons Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid REFERENCES 6 Adipose Tissue TYPES OF FAT CELLS WHITE FAT Prenatal Development Molecular Biology Postnatal Development Gender Differences Functions Regulation Gross Aspects Histology Ultrastructure BROWN FAT Prenatal Development Postnatal Development Function Regulation Histology Beige Fat Stem Cells HISTOCHEMISTRY Enzyme Histochemistry Lipid Histochemistry IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY Obesity ADIPOCYTE LESIONS Terminology Degeneration Atrophy Cellulite Ischemia Metaplasia LIPODYSTROPHY ADIPOCYTES IN ORGANS Fatty Infiltration FAT BIOPSY FOR AMYLOID INFLAMMATIONS Fat Necrosis Calciphylaxis Panniculitis Mesenteritis Lipogranuloma TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS Brown Fat Lesions White Fat Lesions Special Lipoma Types Lipoblastoma CYTOGENETICS OF LIPOMAS SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH FATTY LESIONS (INCLUDING LIPOMATOSIS) MIMICS OF FAT CELLS Mature Fat Cells Lipoblasts REFERENCES 7 Skeletal Muscle EMBRYOLOGY POSTNATAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES ANATOMY LIGHT MICROSCOPY ULTRASTRUCTURE SPECIAL TECHNIQUES GENDER, TRAINING, AND AGING ARTIFACTS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS SPECIMEN HANDLING REFERENCES 8 Blood Vessels GROSS AND LIGHT MICROSCOPIC FEATURES Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries, Sinusoids, Venules, and Lymphatics Veins Pulmonary Arteries and Veins Anastomoses, Angiodysplasias, and Vascular Malformations Vascular Surgery ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Endothelial Cells Inclusions of Endothelial Cells Media Adventitia and Supporting Cells Lymphatics and Veins ANTIGEN EXPRESSION OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC VASCULAR TISSUE Endothelium Smooth Muscle Other Useful Antibodies for Diagnostic Vascular Pathology REFERENCES SECTION IV Nervous System 9 Central Nervous System INTRODUCTION REGIONAL NEUROANATOMY Organization of the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Gray Matter and White Matter Neurons Astrocytes Oligodendroglia Ependyma Microglia and the Monocyte—Macrophage System Response to Injury SPECIALIZED ORGANS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Pineal Gland Median Eminence and Infundibulum Olfactory Bulbs and Tracts Choroid Plexus Circumventricular Organs INTRADURAL ELEMENTS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MENINGES Dura Mater (Pachymenix) Pia-arachnoid (Leptomeninges) Leptomeningeal Melanocytes Optic Nerve FETAL BRAIN ARTIFACTS SUGGESTED READINGS 10 Pituitary and Sellar Region EMBRYOLOGY GROSS ANATOMY Bony Sella Meninges Vasculature PHYSIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Variation in Normal Morphology of the Adenohypophysis Age-Related Changes of the Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis Variation in Normal Morphology of the Neurohypophysis DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS REFERENCES 11 Peripheral Nervous System DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM GROWTH OF AXONS SCHWANN CELLS AND MYELINATION ANATOMY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES HISTOLOGY, IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY, AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PERIPHERAL NERVES Components of the Nerve Sheath CORRELATION OF NORMAL HISTOLOGY WITH THE PATHOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES Handling and Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Biopsy and Autopsy Specimens ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES SECTION V Head and Neck 12 Eye and Ocular Adnexa CORNEA SCLERA CORNEOSCLERAL LIMBUS CONJUNCTIVA, CARUNCLE, AND PLICA SEMILUNARIS THE UVEAL TRACT The Iris The Ciliary Body Choroid RETINA Artifacts of the Retina THE OPTIC NERVE THE CRYSTALLINE LENS INTRAOCULAR COMPARTMENTS THE EYELIDS THE ORBIT LACRIMAL DRAINAGE APPARATUS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 13 The Ear and Temporal Bone EMBRYOLOGY EXTERNAL EAR Embryology ANATOMY HISTOLOGY AUDITORY EPITHELIAL MIGRATION MIDDLE EAR Embryology ANATOMY MIDDLE EAR OSSICLES AND MUSCLES EUSTACHIAN (AUDITORY) TUBE HISTOLOGY Tympanic Cavity Proper Eustachian Tube Mastoid Air Cells Pneumatization of the Temporal Bone Middle Ear Ossicles Middle Ear Joints Middle Ear Muscles INNER EAR Embryology ANATOMY Osseous Labyrinth (Otic Capsule) Membranous Labyrinth Cochlear Duct Utricle Saccule Semicircular Canals Endolymphatic Duct and Sac INNER EAR INNERVATION HISTOLOGY Osseous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Cochlea Semicircular Canals, Utricle, and Saccule Nerves and Paraganglia Endolymphatic Sac and Duct COMPOSITION AND CIRCULATION OF THE PERILYMPH AND ENDOLYMPH CONDUCTION OF SOUND SELECTED ABNORMALITIES AND PATHOLOGY External Ear MIDDLE EAR Otitis Media Cholesteatoma (Keratoma) Pathology Otosclerosis INNER EAR Presbycusis and Other Hearing Loss Ménière Disease TEMPORAL BONE DISSECTION REFERENCES 14 Mouth, Nose, and Paranasal Sinuses EMBRYOLOGY AND PRENATAL CHANGES GROSS ANATOMY Jawbone Nose Paranasal Sinuses Blood Vessels Nerves Lymph Nodes Lymphatics Tonsils MICROSCOPY Mouth Nose and Paranasal Sinuses REFERENCES 15 Larynx and Pharynx LARYNX Definition and Boundaries Embryology Gross and Functional Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Neural, Vascular, and Lymphatic Components PHARYNX Definition and Boundaries Embryology Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Neural, Vascular, and Lymphatic Components REFERENCES 16 Major Salivary Glands EMBRYOLOGIC AND POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES Parotid Gland Submandibular Gland Sublingual Gland LIGHT MICROSCOPY SECRETORY UNITS Acini Ducts SEBACEOUS GLANDS MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS THE ROLE OF MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS IN SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS LYMPHOID TISSUE HETEROTOPIC SALIVARY TISSUE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE AGING CHANGES Oncocytes Fatty Infiltration REACTIVE CHANGES Metaplasia Hyperplasia Atrophy Regeneration Artifacts CORRELATIVE NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC HISTOLOGY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY SPECIMEN HANDLING REFERENCES SECTION VI Thorax and Serous Membranes 17 Lungs NORMAL STRUCTURE AND HISTOLOGY General Airways Lobule and Acinus Vasculature Lymphatics and Lymphoid Tissue Pleura SPECIAL STAINS AND THE EVALUATION OF LUNG HISTOLOGY PATTERN RECOGNITION BASED ON NORMAL ANATOMIC LANDMARKS SITE-RELATED CHANGES COMMONLY SEEN IN SURGICAL PATHOLOGY MATERIAL ARTIFACTS SEEN IN LUNG BIOPSY AND RESECTION MATERIAL INCIDENTAL FINDINGS IN LUNG BIOPSY AND RESECTION TISSUE INCIDENTAL FINDINGS IN TRANSBRONCHIAL BIOPSIES EFFECTS OF AGING THE BIOPSY THAT LOOKS NORMAL AT FIRST GLANCE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY REFERENCES 18 Thymus EMBRYOLOGY DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES APOPTOSIS ANATOMY HISTOLOGY Epithelial Cells Hassall Corpuscles Thymic Lymphocytes (Thymocytes) Other Cell Types ULTRASTRUCTURE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY Thymic Epithelial Cells Thymic Lymphocytes MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FUNCTION AGE-RELATED AND OTHER TROPHIC CHANGES Thymic Involution Thymic Hyperplasia ARTIFACTS AND OTHER POTENTIAL PITFALLS IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS REFERENCES 19 Heart HEART WEIGHTS PRENATAL FETAL CIRCULATION POSTNATAL CIRCULATION PERICARDIUM Applied Anatomy CARDIAC SKELETON Applied Anatomy INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE HEART WALL INTERATRIAL SEPTUM Applied Anatomy RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE Applied Anatomy LEFT VENTRICLE Applied Anatomy CARDIAC VALVES Semilunar Valves Atrioventricular Valves Chordae Tendineae Applied Anatomy of Intracardiac Valves Aging Changes of Intracardiac Valves PAPILLARY MUSCLES CONDUCTION SYSTEM Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular Node Aging Changes in the Human Conduction System CARDIAC INNERVATION Autonomic Nerves LYMPHATICS SMALL INTRAMURAL CORONARY ARTERIES VEINS AND VENULES THE ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY Tissue Handling and Processing Biopsy Limitations and Tissue Artifacts SUMMARY REFERENCES 20 Serous Membranes ANATOMY FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY MESOTHELIAL CELLS Morphology Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry Ultrastructure SUBMESOTHELIAL LAYER Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry Interactions of Mesothelial and Submesothelial Cells REACTIVE MESOTHELIUM Fibrous Pleurisy Reactive Mesothelium versus Mesothelioma Reactive Mesothelium versus Carcinoma Endosalpingiosis and Endometriosis Multilocular Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst REFERENCES SECTION VII Alimentary Tract 21 Esophagus EMBRYOLOGY Esophageal Atresia Esophageal Duplication Lower Esophageal Rings and Webs TOPOGRAPHY AND RELATIONS MACROSCOPIC/ENDOSCOPIC FEATURES Glycogenic Acanthosis Heterotopias Esophageal Musculature Lower Esophageal Sphincter Gastroesophageal Junction HISTOLOGY Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Propria Serosa ARTERIAL SUPPLY VENOUS DRAINAGE LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE INNERVATION (NERVES AND INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL) DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS Barrett Esophagus Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Eosinophilic Esophagitis Lymphocytic Esophagitis Exfoliative (Sloughing) Esophagitis (Esophagitis Dissecans Superficialis) Acute Necrotizing Esophagitis Adenocarcinomas of the Gastroesophageal Region ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES 22 Stomach EMBRYOLOGY AND POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT GROSS MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES Blood Supply Nerve Supply Lymphatics GENERAL HISTOLOGIC FEATURES Surface Epithelium Cardiac and Pyloric Mucosa Oxyntic Gland Mucosa Endocrine Cells Lamina Propria Submucosa Muscular Components ULTRASTRUCTURE GASTRIC FUNCTION SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES AGE CHANGES ARTIFACTS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Metaplasia SPECIMEN HANDLING REFERENCES 23 Small Intestine GROSS ANATOMY AND SURGICAL PERSPECTIVE PHYSIOLOGY HISTOLOGY Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serosa and Subserosal Region DISTINCTIVE REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SMALL BOWEL Duodenum Jejunum Ileum SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Geographic, Age-Related, and Dietary Factors Metaplastic and Heterotopic Tissues Lymphoid Proliferations Morphologic Changes Associated with Ileal Diversion and Continence-Restoring Procedures MUCOSAL BIOPSY SPECIMEN EVALUATION IN SUSPECTED MALABSORPTION Specimen Procurement and Processing Specimen Interpretation and Common Artifacts ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES 24 Colon EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS FUNCTION LIGHT MICROSCOPY Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa, Subserosal Zone, and Serosa EFFECTS OF PREPARATION AND ARTIFACTS Bowel Preparation Effects Incorrect Tissue Orientation and Tangential Sectioning Tissue Trauma ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 25 Appendix GROSS ANATOMY/SURGICAL PERSPECTIVE Development of the Vermiform Appendix and Congenital Anomalies FUNCTION NORMAL HISTOLOGY OF THE APPENDIX Mucosal Architecture and Design Submucosa Muscularis Externa, Subserosal Region, and the Serosa SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Normal Variation of Mucosal Inflammation Versus Acute Appendicitis Obliteration of the Appendiceal Lumen (Appendiceal Neuromas) Mucocele of the Appendix Dissection and Processing Techniques REFERENCES 26 Anal Canal DEFINITION AND BOUNDARIES EMBRYOLOGY GROSS AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY Musculature Innervation Vasculature LIGHT MICROSCOPY Mucosa Submucosa Muscles DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS Epithelial Metaplasia and Heterotopia Inflammatory Conditions Neoplasia REFERENCES 27 Liver EMBRYOLOGY GROSS MORPHOLOGY HISTOLOGY Structural Organization Hepatocytes Bile Canaliculi Sinusoidal Lining Cells Portal Tracts Blood Supply and Drainage Lymphatics Bile Ducts Nerve Supply and Innervation EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AGING CHANGES METHODOLOGY Liver Biopsy Specimen Handling Special Stains Immunohistologic Studies Electron Microscopy Molecular Studies FREQUENT HISTOLOGIC CHANGES OF LITTLE SIGNIFICANCE The Liver at Autopsy Surgical Liver Biopsy Specimens MINOR BUT SIGNIFICANT HEPATIC ALTERATIONS Nonspecific Reactive Hepatitis Mild Acute Hepatitis and Residual Hepatitis Sinusoidal Dilatation Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia Hepatoportal Sclerosis Vicinity of Space-Occupying Lesions BROWN PIGMENTS Lipofuscin Dubin–Johnson Pigment Hemosiderin Copper-Associated Protein Bile ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 28 Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary System GALLBLADDER Gross Anatomy Physiology Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage Nerve Supply Histology Ultrastructure CYSTIC DUCT RIGHT AND LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS, COMMON HEPATIC DUCT, AND COMMON BILE DUCT Gross Anatomy Arterial Supply, Venous Drainage, and Relationship to Bile Ducts Lymphatic Drainage Nerve Supply Histology VATERIAN SYSTEM AND MINOR PAPILLA Gross Anatomy Vascular and Nerve Supply and Lymphatic Drainage Histology BILIARY INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA REFERENCES 29 Pancreas ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS Location and Relationship to Other Structures Gross Anatomy DEVELOPMENT Organogenesis Cytogenesis Developmental Anomalies and Heterotopia MICROSCOPIC FEATURES Acini Ducts Islets of Langerhans Extrainsular Neuroendocrine Cells Connective Tissues Cytologic Features MINOR ALTERATIONS Acinar Cells Ductal Cells Islet Cells CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, ATROPHY, AND FIBROSIS REFERENCES SECTION VIII Hematopoietic System 30 Lymph Nodes EMBRYOLOGY/DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES GROSS FEATURES ANATOMY Blood Supply Lymphatics LIGHT MICROSCOPY: THE DIFFERENT COMPARTMENTS, HISTOLOGY, AND FUNCTION The Follicle Follicular Dendritic Cells Lymphoid Cells Tingible Body Macrophages The Medullary Cords Lymphoid Cells Macrophages Other Cell Types The Paracortex Epitheloid (or Postcapillary or High Endothelial) Venules Interdigitating Dendritic Cells Lymphoid Cells Other Cell Types The Sinuses Function CHANGES IN COMPARTMENTS: BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT Follicular Changes Changes in the Medullary Cords Changes in the Paracortex Sinusoidal Changes Combined Patterns ARTIFACTS Technical Artifacts Intrinsic Artifacts HANDLING OF LYMPH NODE SPECIMENS SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES REFERENCES 31 Spleen INTRODUCTION PRENATAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES APOPTOSIS GROSS FEATURES/ORGAN WEIGHT ANATOMY Blood Supply Nerves Lymphatics LIGHT MICROSCOPY Vascular Tree Red Pulp White Pulp Perifollicular Zone FLOW CYTOMETRY ULTRASTRUCTURE FUNCTION Filter Function Immunologic Function Hematopoiesis Reservoir Function AGING DIFFERENCES DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS SPECIMEN HANDLING HISTOLOGIC TECHNIQUE SPECIAL PROCEDURES CONCLUSION REFERENCES 32 Bone Marrow TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING THE MARROW GENERAL FEATURES OF HEMATOPOIESIS REGULATION OF HEMATOPOIESIS HEMATOPOIESIS IN THE EMBRYO AND FETUS: DEVELOPMENT OF THE BONE MARROW POSTNATAL CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF RED MARROW AND IN THE TYPE OF HEMOGLOBIN STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC MARROW Blood Supply Nerve Supply Extracellular Matrix (Connective Tissue) Stromal Cells HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS Neutrophil Precursors Eosinophil and Basophil Precursors Monocyte Precursors Red Cell Precursors Megakaryocytes Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells CELLULARITY OF THE MARROW MARROW DIFFERENTIAL COUNT REFERENCES SECTION IX Genitourinary Tract 33 Kidney INTRODUCTION PEDIATRIC KIDNEY KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT EMBRYONIC KIDNEYS Pronephros Mesonephros METANEPHROS Overview Formation of the Renal Pelvis and Calyces Formation of the Collecting System Nephron Formation MOLECULAR REGULATION OF KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT INTERMEDIATE MESODERM SPECIFICATION NEPHRIC DUCT URETERIC BUD FORMATION URETERAL BRANCHING Gdnf/Ret Signaling Other Signaling Pathways URETERIC BRANCH GROWTH COLLECTING SYSTEM DIFFERENTIATION Ureteral Tip and Trunk Cell Types METANEPHRIC MESENCHYME Specification Nephron Progenitor Population PATTERNING OF THE NEPHRON Early Events: Pretubular Aggregate and Renal Vesicle Later Events: Proximal and Distal Tubules INTERSTITIUM GLOMERULOGENESIS VASCULATURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS GROSS ANATOMY Kidney Position and Blood Supply Kidney Weight and Configuration Fetal Lobations HISTOLOGY CORTICAL ARCHITECTURE NEPHRON NUMBER GLOMERULAR MATURATION AND GROWTH Early Juxtamedullary Glomeruli Glomerulosclerosis in Infants Ectopic Glomeruli TUBULAR MATURATION AND GROWTH ADULT KIDNEY GROSS ANATOMY NEPHRON ARCHITECTURE PARENCHYMA GLOMERULUS Overview Endothelial Cells Mesangial Cells Glomerular Basement Membrane Podocytes Glomerular Filtration Barrier Parietal Epithelial Cells JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS PROXIMAL TUBULE THIN LIMBS OF HENLE LOOP DISTAL TUBULE Thick Ascending Limb Distal Convoluted Tubule CONNECTING TUBULE COLLECTING DUCT Cortical Collecting Duct Outer Medullary Collecting Duct Inner Medullary Collecting Duct PAPILLARY SURFACE EPITHELIUM INTERSTITIUM VASCULATURE LYMPHATICS NERVES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 34 Urinary Bladder, Ureter, and Renal Pelvis EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS Bladder Ureters Renal Pelvis Microscopic Anatomy Urothelium Urothelial Variants and Benign Urothelial Proliferations Lamina Propria Muscularis Propria REFERENCES 35 Prostate EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROSTATE GENERAL TOPOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS: McNEAL’S ZONAL ANATOMY SECTIONING OF RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY SPECIMENS ANATOMY OF THE PROSTATE GLAND IN SURGICAL PATHOLOGY SPECIMENS Gross Anatomy Histologic Variation by Anatomic Region Nonglandular Components of Prostatic and Extraprostatic Tissues ARCHITECTURAL AND CYTOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE GLANDULAR PROSTATE Architectural Patterns Cytologic Features DEVIATIONS FROM NORMAL HISTOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS IN TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION AND NEEDLE BIOPSY SPECIMENS ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES 36 Testis and Excretory Duct System SUPPORTING STRUCTURES SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES SERTOLI CELLS GERM CELLS INTERSTITIUM LEYDIG CELLS VASCULAR SUPPLY FETAL AND PREPUBERTAL TESTIS AGING TESTIS RETE TESTIS DUCTULI EFFERENTES EPIDIDYMIS DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS SEMINAL VESICLES EJACULATORY DUCTS MESONEPHRIC AND MÜLLERIAN REMNANTS GUBERNACULUM REFERENCES 37 Penis and Distal Urethra DISTAL PENIS Glans Coronal Sulcus Foreskin PROXIMAL PENIS (OR SHAFT) DISTAL URETHRA ARTERIES VEINS LYMPHATICS NERVES REFERENCES SECTION X Female Genital System 38 Vulva CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN CLINICAL EVALUATION ANATOMY Vulvar Biopsy Vulvar Vestibule Urethral Orifice (Meatus Urinarius) Hymen Clitoris Labia Minora Labia Majora Mons Pubis (Mons Veneris) Lymphatic Drainage Arterial Supply Venous Supply Nerve Supply REFERENCES 39 Vagina EMBRYOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT GROSS FEATURES ANATOMY Ligaments Blood Supply Nerves Lymphatic Drainage LIGHT MICROSCOPY Epithelium Epithelial Responses and Functions Vaginal Wall and Adventitia ULTRASTRUCTURE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND SPECIAL ANATOMY Wolffian Ducts Paraurethral Glands (Skene Glands) G-spot (Gräfenberg Spot) Remnants of Mullerian Duct Epithelium (Adenosis) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 40 Normal Histology of the Uterus and Fallopian Tubes EMBRYOLOGY THE INDIFFERENT STAGE Female Differentiation GROSS ANATOMY Premenarchal Uterus and Fallopian Tubes Adult Uterus and Fallopian Tubes Gross Anatomic Features of the Uterus Gross Anatomic Features of the Fallopian Tubes Uterine and Tubal Vasculature Uterine and Tubal Lymphatics UTERINE CERVIX Epithelium of the Exocervix Epithelium of the Endocervix Epithelium of the Transformation Zone Cervical Stroma Cervix During Pregnancy ENDOMETRIUM Tissue Sampling and Associated Problems Histology of the Normal Endometrium Relevance of Endometrial Dating to Diagnostic Surgical Pathologists Endometrial–Myometrial Junction Apoptosis and the Endometrium MYOMETRIUM Pregnancy-Related Changes THE FALLOPIAN TUBE Histology of the Fallopian Tube Fallopian Tube in Pregnancy Paraovarian and Paratubal Structures REFERENCES 41 Ovary EMBRYOLOGY GROSS ANATOMY Prepubertal Ovaries Adult Ovaries Postmenopausal Ovaries BLOOD SUPPLY LYMPHATICS NERVE SUPPLY SURFACE EPITHELIUM Histology Ultrastructure STROMA Histology Ultrastructure Hormonal Aspects PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES Histology Ultrastructure MATURING FOLLICLES Histology and Ultrastructure Hormonal Aspects CORPUS LUTEUM OF MENSTRUATION Histology Ultrastructure Hormonal Aspects CORPUS LUTEUM OF PREGNANCY Gross Appearance Histology Ultrastructure Hormonal Aspects CORPUS ALBICANS ATRETIC FOLLICLES Histology Hormonal Aspects HILUS CELLS Histology Ultrastructure Hormonal Aspects RETE OVARII REFERENCES 42 Placenta ROUTINE STORAGE, EXAMINATION, AND PROCESSING UMBILICAL CORD Embryology Gross Morphology Histology Histopathology RAMIFICATION OF CHORIONIC VASCULATURE PATHOLOGIC ALTERATIONS OF THE CHORIONIC VASCULATURE MEMBRANES Embryology Amnion and Chorion MULTIPLE GESTATION VILLI Embryology Gross Morphology Gross Morphologic Alterations Histology Histopathology DECIDUA Histology Histopathology GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE REFERENCES SECTION XI Endocrine 43 Thyroid EMBRYOLOGY GROSS ANATOMY MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY FOLLICULAR CELLS Immunohistochemistry Physiology Microscopic Variations C CELLS Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry Physiology STROMA Lymphocytes Fibrous Tissue Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Calcifications BRANCHIAL POUCH–DERIVED AND OTHER RELATED ECTOPIC TISSUES Parathyroid Tissue Thymic Tissue Salivary Gland–type Tissue Ectopic Cartilage BENIGN THYROID TISSUE IN ABNORMAL LOCATIONS Midline Structures Pericapsular Soft Tissues and Skeletal Muscle Lateral Neck Thyroid Inclusions in Cervical Lymph Nodes Other Sites REFERENCES 44 Parathyroids HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE DISTRIBUTION OF PARATHYROID GLANDS EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY—GROSS FEATURES HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE VARIATIONS WITH GENDER AND AGE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SPECIAL PROCEDURES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 45 Adrenal ANATOMY EVOLUTION DEVELOPMENT Cortex Medulla GLAND WEIGHT AND CORTICAL THICKNESS ADRENAL GLANDS FOR HISTOLOGIC STUDY Ideal Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands Studied HISTOLOGY Capsule Cortex Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis Medulla IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY Cortex Medulla ULTRASTRUCTURE Cortex Medulla OTHER ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES Blood Vessels Arteries Intraglandular Vasculature Veins Nerves and Ganglia Lymphatics Accessory (Heterotopic) Adrenal Cortex Adrenocortical Nodules REFERENCES 46 Neuroendocrine HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND NOMENCLATURE EMBRYOLOGY MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF NEUROENDOCRINE CELL DEVELOPMENT LIGHT MICROSCOPY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY ULTRASTRUCTURE APOPTOSIS FUNCTION OF NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS MARKERS OF NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS Cytosolic Constituents Secretory Granule Constituents Synaptic Vesicle and Vesicle Fusion/Release Constituents Transcription Factors Somatostatin Receptors DISTRIBUTION OF NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS Bronchopulmonary and Upper Respiratory System Thyroid and Thymus Skin Breast Gastrointestinal System Urogenital System AGING CHANGES SPECIAL PROCEDURES ARTIFACTS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS SPECIMEN HANDLING REFERENCES 47 Paraganglia HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE SYMPATHETIC VERSUS PARASYMPATHETIC PARAGANGLIA: A CLINICOPATHOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARAGANGLIA EMBRYOLOGY POSTNATAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY GROSS FEATURES AND ORGAN WEIGHTS ANATOMY LIGHT MICROSCOPY Cell Types Lobular Architecture of the Carotid Body ULTRASTRUCTURE FUNCTION Physiologic Roles Secretory Products GENDER DIFFERENCES AGING CHANGES SPECIAL PROCEDURES Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochemical Artifacts Other Special Procedures DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Index
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