Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives

Foreword by the Editors
Preface: The Third Pole – Lessons for ‘Barbarians’ Everywhere?
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Landscapes
	Chapter 1: Mountain Landscapes and Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) and Their Biogeography: A Descriptive Overview and Introduction for 18 Nations in the Anthropocene
		References
	Chapter 2: The Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) Region in the Modern Global and Climate Context: Major Weather Systems, Monsoon, Asian Brown Clouds (ABCs), Digital Data/Models and Global Linkages of Telecoupling and Teleconnection all Affecting Global Human Well
		References
	Chapter 3: From the Mountains and Glaciers Down to the Rivers to the Estuaries and Oceans: Another Sad Tale of 18 or so Rivers
		3.1 Yarlung-Tsangpo River
		3.2 Ganges River
		3.3 Yamun River (Jumna)
		3.4 Padma River
		3.5 Brahmaputra River
		3.6 Irrawaddy River (Ayeyarwady)
		3.7 Mekong River
		3.8 Yellow River (Huanghe)
		3.9 Yangtze/Jangtsekiang River
		3.10 Heilongyang/Amur River
		3.11 Indus River
		3.12 Jhelum River
		3.13 Koshi River
		3.14 Gandaki River
		3.15 Tarim River
		3.16 Amu Darya River (Amo or Oxus)
		3.17 Illi River
		3.18 Onon River
		3.19 A Needed Unifying Watershed View for Rivers of HKH
		3.20 Aqua quo vadis (During Climate Warming, Human Consumption Rise, Human Population Explosion, Lack of Water, and all Synergies Combined)?
		References
	Chapter 4: The Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) in the Global and Marine Context: Major Estuaries, Coast-Scapes, Ocean Coupling, Seawalls, over 2 Billion People and Global (Food) Security
		References
	Chapter 5: A View from Space on Poyang Lake: What We Can Already See and What It Means
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 In Situ Observation and Satellite Technology
			5.2.1 The In Situ Observation Network
			5.2.2 Known Satellites and Their Environmental Applications
				5.2.2.1 Inundation Extent Delineation from Remote Sensing Imagery
				5.2.2.2 Water Level Estimation from Remote Sensing Data
		5.3 Spatio-Temporal Variations of Poyang Lake
			5.3.1 Change in Lake Water Surface
				5.3.1.1 Total Lake Area
				5.3.1.2 Inundation
			5.3.2 Lake Stage
			5.3.3 Landscape Pattern
			5.3.4 Lake Droughts
		5.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 6: Effective Poyang Lake Conservation? A Local Ecology View from Downstream Involving Internationally Migratory Birds When Trying to Buffer and Manage Water from HKH with ‘Modern’ Concepts
		6.1 Waterflow and Changes of the Poyang Lake
		6.2 Modern Changes of Poyang Lake
		6.3 A Relevant Future in the Anthropocene for Poyang Lake as We Know It
		References
	Chapter 7: The Future of Biodiversity in the Changing Watersheds of Kashmir Himalaya, Pakistan: Conservation Challenges and Opportunities
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The Human Population and Belief System in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.3 Languages in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.4 Climate of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.5 Forest Biodiversity in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.6 Some Important Wildlife Species in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.7 Rivers and Wetlands in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.8 Protected Areas Systems and Conservation in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.9 Destruction and Threats to Biodiversity in Kashmir, Hindu Kush-Himalaya
		7.10 Rights and Concessions for Natural Resources in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.11 Commercial Uses of Forests in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.12 Grazing Issues in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.13 Hunting and Poaching in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.14 How Many Species Are Gone Extinct in Pakistan, Thus Far?
		7.15 Example: Guchhi or Black-Mushroom Harvest
		7.16 Forest Fires in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.17 Construction of Dams and Hydro Power Projects in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		7.18 Generic and Wide Lack of Capacity in Climate Changes Mitigation and Adaptation
		7.19 Conservation Challenges and Opportunities for the the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds
		Appendix: List of Hydropower Projects in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Watersheds in Various Stages of Development and Under Different Agency Jurisdictions
		References
	Chapter 8: Towards a Landscape Perspective of Diseases in Plants: An Overview and Review of a Critical but Overlooked Ecology Issue in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Landscape Concept of Plant Diseases
		8.3 The Impact of Landscape Properties on Viral Diseases
		8.4 The Impact of Landscape Properties on Fungal Diseases
		8.5 The Impact of Landscape Properties on Bacterial Diseases
		8.6 The Impact of Landscape Properties on Arthropod-Borne Diseases
		8.7 Conclusions and Research and Management Recommendations
		Appendix: Various Diseases of Different Hosts, Their Etiologic Agents, and Their Characteristics in the Nepal Himalaya
		References
	Chapter 9: Showing True Change of the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region Through the Power of Photo Monitoring as a Visual Memory of Change
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Background, Context and Bio Data of the Photographer
	Chapter 10: A First-Hand Narrative Account on Tibet’s Paper Parks: How China’s Greenwashing in Tibet Flies Under the Radar
		10.1 Nature Reserves and Nomad Resettlement
		10.2 Hoodwinking the UN World Heritage Committee
		10.3 When Miners Happen to Venture into Nature Reserves
		10.4 Eco-Babble
		References
	Chapter 11: Forestry Management in Nepal: An Example and a Review of Growth & Yield
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Classification of Forest
			11.2.1 Ecological Classification of Forests
			11.2.2 Classification of Forests for Management (Table 11.2)
		11.3 Forest Management in Nepal
		11.4 History of Forest Management
			11.4.1 Before 1926 A.D.
			11.4.2 From 1927 to 1960 A.D. (Table 11.3)
			11.4.3 From 1961 to 1977 A.D. (Table 11.4)
			11.4.4 From 1978 to 1990 A.D. (Table 11.5)
			11.4.5 From 1991 to Now (Table 11.6)
		11.5 Community Forestry
		11.6 Collaborative Forest Management
		11.7 Scientific Approach to Forest Management
		11.8 REDD in Nepal
			11.8.1 Benefits from REDD
		11.9 Fire Management
		11.10 Forest Resources for People’s Livelihood
		11.11 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Concepts, Cultures, Religions and the Mind
	Chapter 12: What It Is Like to Be a Land-Locked Nation: Some Discriminatory Examples and Details from National Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Under the Neoliberal ‘Free Market’ Participation Paradigm
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Conclusion and Outlook for Land-Locked Nations in the HKH Region
		References
	Chapter 13: Ethnobiology and Indigenous Regimes in the Conservation of Species, Watersheds, and Landscapes: Experiences and Evidences from the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Nations for a Global Application
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Ethnobiology in Nepal
		13.3 A Short Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) Political History, Its Ethnic Groups, and Related Conservation Output on a Landscape Scale
		13.4 Associated Religions and Practices of Ethnobiology by the HKH People
		13.5 Ethnobiology, Traditional Healers, and the Conservation of Resources, Landscapes, and Watersheds
		13.6 Ethnobiology, Musical, Esthetic and Recreational Tools, and Conservation of Landscapes
		13.7 Ethnic Knowledge: At Least Two Sides of a Coin in Conservation
		13.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 14: Spirituality Beats It All: A Quick Conservation Overview, Self-Organization and the Great Value of (Indigenous) Religions for Hindu Kush-Himalaya Landscapes, Its Geo-Parks, Species, Ecological Processes and Watersheds
		References
	Chapter 15: Settling the Terror of Your Mind with the Deities: About Fear, Anxiety, Inherent Chaos and Self-Doubt in Hind Kush-Himalaya Expeditions and Associated Research
		15.1 Mind Games
		15.2 Beyond Deaths and Evil Spirits: In the Field, Finally
		15.3 Aftermaths
		References
Part III: Real-World Policy, Conservation Management of Wildlife, Habitat, and Biodiversity Data
	Chapter 16: The Relevance and Significant Role of Mid-elevation for the Watersheds and Biodiversity Conservation in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya: The Case of Nepal in the Anthropocene
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 The Mid-Elevation Region in Nepal: An Introduction
		16.3 Flora and Fauna in Nepal’s Mid-elevation
		16.4 Land-Use Systems in Nepal’s Mid-elevation
		16.5 Water-Sources in Nepal’s Mid-elevation
		16.6 The Significant Role of Mid-hills in Biodiversity Conservation
		16.7 Anthropogenic Impacts in Mid-hill Ecosystems
			16.7.1 Aspects of Human History
			16.7.2 Fire
			16.7.3 Landslides
			16.7.4 A Generic Ineffectiveness of Policy
		16.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Nature and Landscape Governance in Royal Times: Experiences from the Shah and Rana Regimes in Nepal Re-assembled from Literature and Interview Data
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 Shah Regime: A Quick Overview
			17.1.2 Rana Regime
			17.1.3 Biodiversity in Nepal: A Quick Overview
		17.2 Biodiversity Conservation and Governance Efforts in Nepal
		17.3 Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation Status in Rana and Shah Regime
		17.4 Challenges for Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation in Recent Years
		17.5 People’s Views on Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation During Shah and Rana Regime: Assembled from Interviews (4 Voices Are Represented)
			17.5.1 A Citizen Perspective (Mr. Sita Ram Sukupayo, 53 Years, Bhaktapur)
			17.5.2 A Citizen Perspective (Mr. Asha Kumar Koju, 63 Years, Bhaktapur)
			17.5.3 A Citizen Perspective (Mr. Shree Krishna Awal, 48 Years, Bhaktapur)
			17.5.4 A Citizen Perspective (Mrs. Pasang Tamang, 34 Years, Morang)
		17.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Swallows and Sparrows in the Human Street-Market Interface of Urban Nepal: Towards a First Open Access GIS Data and Model Inference on the Role of Religion and Culture in Bird Distribution
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Methods
			18.2.1 Study Area
			18.2.2 Study Sites and Location Surveys
			18.2.3 Bird Surveys
			18.2.4 GIS Analysis
				18.2.4.1 Bird Data
				18.2.4.2 Urban GIS layers
				18.2.4.3 GIS Overlays and Prediction Lattices
				18.2.4.4 Machine Learning Modeling
				18.2.4.5 Model Assessment Methods and Evidence
		18.3 Results
			18.3.1 Predictions
			18.3.2 Habitat Associations
			18.3.3 Other Findings
		18.4 Discussion
			18.4.1 Urban Bird Abundance and Diversity
			18.4.2 Noteworthy Bird Findings
		18.5 Needed Improvements for Studying Urban Birds in Nepal
		18.6 Application for an Effective Conservation Management
			18.6.1 Outlook
		Appendices
			Appendix A
			Appendix B
			Appendix C
		References
	Chapter 19: Pallas’s Cat in Annapurna, Nepal: What We Know Thus Far and What Is to Come
		19.1 Background
		19.2 Discovery in Nepal
		19.3 Status in Nepal
		19.4 Pallas’s Cat Research and Conservation: History and Current Project in Nepal
			19.4.1 Activities and Methodology
				19.4.1.1 General Study Design and Grids
				19.4.1.2 Interview Surveys
				19.4.1.3 Sign Surveys
				19.4.1.4 Camera-Trapping
		19.5 Results
			19.5.1 Interview Survey
			19.5.2 Sign Survey
			19.5.3 Camera Trapping
		19.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 20: Status of Otters in Nepal: A Link with Ancient Waterways and People
		20.1 Background
		20.2 Brief Summary of Otters Found in Nepal
			20.2.1 Smooth Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)
				20.2.1.1 Global Distribution
				20.2.1.2 Distribution in Nepal
				20.2.1.3 Physical Description
				20.2.1.4 Conservation Status
			20.2.2 Eurasian Otter (Lutralutra)
				20.2.2.1 Global Distribution
				20.2.2.2 Distribution in Nepal
				20.2.2.3 Physical Description
				20.2.2.4 Conservation Status
			20.2.3 Asian Small-Clawed Otter (Aonyx cinerea)
				20.2.3.1 Global Distribution
				20.2.3.2 Distribution in Nepal
				20.2.3.3 Physical Description
				20.2.3.4 Conservation Status
		20.3 Threats to Otters
		20.4 Outlook for Otters in Nepal
		References
	Chapter 21: Wildlife Diplomacy and Gifting in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region: A Chronological History and Opinion of Nepalese Literates
		21.1 Background
		21.2 Wildlife Diplomacy Around the World
			21.2.1 Wildlife Diplomacy by Nepal
		21.3 Gifting Diplomacy in Nepal: Discussion on Survey Results
		References
	Chapter 22: Birds of Nepal: Their Status and Conservation Especially with Regards to Watershed Perspectives
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Field Observations and Overview
		22.3 Where Are the Birds of Nepal Heading to?
		22.4 Why Are so Many Species Critically Endangered
		22.5 What Might the Future Hold for Nepal’s Birds?
		References
	Chapter 23: A Governance Analysis of the Snow Leopard, Its Habitat and (Digital) Data: Who Owns Charismatic Animals and Who Drives and Uses the Agenda for What?
		References
	Chapter 24: The Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP): Towards a Success Story in Landscape Feature and Watershed Conservation Management
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Establishment of Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP)
		24.3 Wetlands, Watersheds and Rivers
		24.4 Climate
		24.5 Mountains of ACAP
		24.6 Religion and Cultures in ACA
		24.7 Wider Importance of ACAP
		24.8 Programs Organized by ACAP
		24.9 Ecotourism in ACAP
		24.10 Management Details of ACAP
		24.11 Local Challenges and Global Opportunities in the Annapurna Conservation Area
			24.11.1 Local Challenges
			24.11.2 Global Opportunities
		References
	Chapter 25: The Forgotten Data: A Rather Short but Deep Story of Museums and Libraries in HKH and Similar Information Sources in Support of the Global Biodiversity Information System (GBIF.org) and Model-Predictions for Improved Conservation Management
		References
	Chapter 26: A Rather Short Story of Shared GIS Data Layers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: State of the Art, Justifications and Urgent Suggestions for a Sustainable Global Data Governance with Open Access and Open Source Coming to the Rescue
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 27: Insect Pollinators, Threats For Survival and Ecosystem Service: An Outlook From Hindu-Kush Himalaya Region
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 General Threats to the Survival of Insect Pollinators in HKH
			27.2.1 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
			27.2.2 Use of Pesticides
			27.2.3 Overgrazing
			27.2.4 Climate Change
			27.2.5 Parasites and Natural Enemies
			27.2.6 Traditional Honey Hunting and Wild Bee Conservation
		27.3 Ecosystem Service and Insect Pollinators in HKH (Tables 27.1 and 27.2)
		27.4 Bumblebees as Potential Pollinators for the High Altitude Flora in HKH
		27.5 Research Gaps on Pollinators Including Bumblebees in HKH
		27.6 In summary
		References
	Chapter 28: A First High-Resolution Open Access Data and Open Source GIS Model-Prediction for the Globally Threatened Sarus Crane (Antigone antigone) in Nepal: Data Mining of 81 Predictors Support Evidence for Ongoing Declines in Distribution and Abunda
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Methods
			28.2.1 Study Area, Data Collection and Metadata
			28.2.2 GIS Work and Environmental Predictor Layers
			28.2.3 Modeling
			28.2.4 Model Assessment (Range Map)
			28.2.5 Species Abundance Models (SAMs)
		28.3 Results
			28.3.1 Sarus Crane Occurrence Predictions
			28.3.2 Sarus Crane Abundance Predictions
		28.4 Discussion
		Appendices
			Appendix 1
			Appendix 2
			Appendix 3 (See Supplementary Electronic Material)
		References
Part IV: Very Serious Problems in the HKH Nations
	Chapter 29: A ‘Global Change’ Eulogy, Sermons and Obituaries: ‘Everest’, its Models, the Reality, the Governmental Mis-behavior, Associated Institutional Terror and the Global Abuse of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region
		References
	Chapter 30: “The Gods Are Angry”: A First-Hand Environmental Account and an Experience of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake in Hindsight towards a New Culture on How to Approach and Live Well with Mother Earth
		References
	Chapter 31: Hydrodams in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Death by over 100 Cuts and 100 Blockages Built During a ‘Development Hype’ but Without a Relevant Impact Assessment or Synthesis
		Appendices
			Appendix I: List of Hydro Dams Known and Projected to Occur in the Wider HKH Region
			Appendix II: List of Over 100 Impacts Known to Occur with Hydro Dams (This is Based on Personal Experience and also Taken from Wills 1991, Reisner 1993, Henton and Flower 2007, Buckley 2014 and Czech et al. 2000; See also https://ww
		References
	Chapter 32: Hydrodams Again: A Closer Look at Expensive Gharials, Lost Dolphins, Dissected Fish Migration, and Destructive Energy for Non-sustainable Mining and Societies Abroad Fueling a Non-democratic Governance for the Designed ‘homo electricus’
		32.1 Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus)
		32.2 River Dolphins
		32.3 Fish Migration
		32.4 Energy Used for What?
		32.5 Worker Impacts
		32.6 Spoiling Landscapes
		References
	Chapter 33: Persistent Evidence for a Dramatic Decline in Langurs (Semnopithecus spp.) in Nepal and Elsewhere: Science Data and Personal Experiences Converge On a Landscape-Scale
		33.1 Conservation Background for Langurs
		33.2 What Are Langurs?
		33.3 Where Are Langurs Distributed?
		33.4 Ecologic Relationship of the Langur with Water
		33.5 Why Do Langurs Matter?
		33.6 Status of Langurs in Nepal
		33.7 Known Threats to Langurs
		33.8 Discussion & Conclusion for Langur Conservation Management
		References
	Chapter 34: Snow Leopards in 2100: Towards a Real-World Nepal Perspective
		34.1 Snow Leopards: A Brief Global Overview
		34.2 Snow Leopards in Nepal
		34.3 Snow Leopards and Climate Change in the Annapurna Region of Nepal
		34.4 Summarizing the Conservation Threats
		34.5 The Fate of Snow Leopard Conservation
		References
	Chapter 35: The Fate of the Great Woodpeckers and Hornbills in Nepal: No Big Trees, No Life
		35.1 Introduction
		35.2 Status and Distribution of Woodpeckers and Hornbills in Nepal
		35.3 Spatial Species Variation
		References
	Chapter 36: Poaching and Illegal Trade of Wildlife: What Do the Media Say for the Nepali-Chinese and Nepali-Indian Border?
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 Illegal Wildlife Trade: A Common Conservation Problem in HKH and Worldwide
			36.2.1 Role of Nepali Print Media in Revealing Illegal Wildlife Trade Information
		36.3 Materials and Methods
			36.3.1 Research Design
				36.3.1.1 Study Area
			36.3.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis
			36.3.3 Illegally Traded Wildlife Species Identification
		36.4 Results (Table 36.1)
			36.4.1 Seizure of Primary Wildlife Parts
			36.4.2 Temporal Trends in Seizures and Arrests (Fig. 36.4 and 36.5)
			36.4.3 Vulnerable Districts
			36.4.4 Probable Trade Routes
			36.4.5 Speculated Suspects and Convicted Perpetrators of Wildlife Crime
				36.4.5.1 Ethnicity and Geographical Origin of People
				36.4.5.2 Group Sizes of Individuals Involved in Illegal Wildlife Trade
		36.5 Discussion
		36.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 37: Looking at Road and Railroad Development Data in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya: Rock-Solid Impacts Created by Globalization, the World Bank and Its Affiliates, As Well as by the Great Himalaya Trail
		37.1 Roads, Wilderness and Humans
		37.2 Cars
		37.3 Walking the Hindu Kush-Himalaya
		37.4 Access as a Geo-political Strategy
		37.5 Grand Plans and Bad Ideas
		Appendix GIS DATA (See Supplementary Electronic Material)
		References
	Chapter 38: Why Do some Many Nepalis, Medical Doctors, CEOs and Hedge Fund Managers Get Sick or Die on Everest (Sagarmatha, Chomolungma)? A Review and Indicators that Capitalism Went Awful while Searching Human Dignity and Itself
		References
Part V: A Fresh Look and Successful Templates for HKH: ‘Business as Usual’ Is Dead
	Chapter 39: Small and Effective NGOs as a Role Model for Bigger Success: The Global Primate Network (Now ‘Third Pole Conservancy’)
		39.1 Introduction
		39.2 Global Primate Network – Nepal
		39.3 Wildlife Research and Conservation Projects Completed by GPN Team
		39.4 Conferences/Seminars/Trainings Attended and Presented by GPN Team
		39.5 Award and Felicitation Received by GPN Team
		39.6 Research and Conservation Grants Received by GPN Team
		39.7 Major Achievements by GPN (Few Examples)
			39.7.1 Diclofenac Free District Declaration
			39.7.2 One Day Distance Sampling Workshop
			39.7.3 Workshop on Open GIS
			39.7.4 World Environment Day Celebration
			39.7.5 Wildlife Week Celebration
			39.7.6 Conservation Awareness and Capacity Buildup Programmes
			39.7.7 Snow Leopard Radio Programme
			39.7.8 Camera Trapping
			39.7.9 Foxlight Monitoring and Distribution
			39.7.10 In-Kind Support to Local Herders
			39.7.11 Celebrating International Snow Leopard Day in the Himalaya, Mustang for the First Time
			39.7.12 Wildlife Conservation Awareness Gaijatra Festival
		39.8 Significant Publications of GPN Team in the International Peer-Reviewed Literature and Public Audience Publications of High Impact
		39.9 Online Database Published by GPN Team
		Appendixes
			Appendix 1: Wildlife Research and Conservation Projects Completed by GPN Team
			Appendix 2: Conferences/Seminars/Trainings Attended and Presented by GPN Team
			Appendix 3: Award and Felicitation Received by GPN Team
		References
	Chapter 40: When Micro Drives the Macro: A Fresh Look at Disease and its Massive Contributions in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya
		40.1 Introduction
		40.2 Biodiversity of Nepal
		40.3 The Traditional Understanding of Disease
		40.4 Contribution of Microspecies (ms) to Diseases in Macrospecies (MS) in Nepal
		40.5 Viral Infections Leading to MS Decline
			40.5.1 Avian Infectious Bronchitis (AIB)
			40.5.2 Avian Influenza
			40.5.3 Canine Distemper Disease (CDD)
			40.5.4 Classical Swine Fever (CSF)
			40.5.5 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (CPD)
			40.5.6 Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
			40.5.7 Fowlpox
			40.5.8 Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) or Gumboro Disease
			40.5.9 Marek’s Disease (MD)
			40.5.10 New Castle Disease (NCD)
			40.5.11 Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
			40.5.12 Rabies
			40.5.13 Rinderpest Disease (Cattle Plague)
			40.5.14 Sheep Pox and Goat Pox
		40.6 Bacterial Species Leading MS Decline
			40.6.1 Actinomycosis
			40.6.2 Anthrax
			40.6.3 Blackquarter
			40.6.4 Bovine Tuberculosis (BT)
			40.6.5 Brucellosis
			40.6.6 Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)
			40.6.7 Colibacillosis (COB)
			40.6.8 Contagious Agalactia
			40.6.9 Enterotoxemia or Pulpy Kidney
			40.6.10 Fowl Typhoid (FT)
			40.6.11 Hemorrhagic Septicemia
			40.6.12 Infectious Coryza
			40.6.13 Mastitis
			40.6.14 Pullorum
		40.7 Parasitic Species Leading to MS Decline
			40.7.1 External Parasitosis and Warble Myiasis
			40.7.2 Coccidiosis
			40.7.3 Helminthiasis
		40.8 Fungal Species Leading to MS Decline
			40.8.1 Mycotoxicosis
			40.8.2 Ringworm
		40.9 Vector-Borne Viral Diseases
		40.10 Vector-Borne Bacterial Diseases
		40.11 Vector-Borne Protozoan Diseases
		40.12 Vector-Borne Helminth Diseases
		40.13 Other Diseases Leading to MS Declines
		40.14 Antibiotic Resistivity and Human and Wildlife Health
		40.15 The Generic Problem of Zoonoses
		40.16 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 41: Water in Mongolia: Sources, Uses and Issues, with Special Emphasis on Mining
		41.1 Sources of Freshwater
		41.2 Water Issues: Consumption, Availability, Mining and Pollution
		41.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 42: Good Citizen Science Experience Downstream of Everest Helps Monitor Status of Wetland Birds
		42.1 Introduction
		42.2 Birds as Indicator of Wetland Health
		42.3 Water Birds
		42.4 Citizen Science in Action
		42.5 Discussion
		42.6 Threats and Challenges
		References
	Chapter 43: A Citizen Science Experience: Green Youth of Lumbini (GYL) Promoting Globally Threatened Bird Species (Cranes/Storks) and Holistic Landscape Conservation in the Lumbini Region of Nepal, on the Ground as well as with Social Media
		43.1 Introduction
		43.2 Lumbini and Its ‘Holy’ Landscape Culture
		43.3 The Green Youth of Lumbini (GYL)
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 44: When Governments Cannot Do It Anymore and When Capitalism, Neoliberal Policies and Globalization Get Imposed Without Democracy: Self-Organization in the HKH Region Beyond E. Ostrom and Facebook
		References
	Chapter 45: Quo Vadis HKH? ‘Sustainable Development’ as a Horror Scenario while Climate Change, Human Population Increase and Global Conservation Decay are on the Rise Further
		References
Index