High-yield biostatistics, epidemiology, & public health

Cover
......Page 1
Statistical Symbols......Page 2
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Probability......Page 13
Types of Data......Page 14
RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 15
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 16
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATIONS OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 17
CENTILES AND OTHER QUANTILES......Page 18
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 19
Measures of Central Tendency......Page 20
Measures of Variability......Page 21
VARIANCE (AND DEVIATION SCORES)......Page 22
STANDARD DEVIATION......Page 23
TABLES OF Z SCORES......Page 24
USING Z SCORES TO SPECIFY PROBABILITY......Page 26
THE RANDOM SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF MEANS......Page 27
USING THE STANDARD ERROR......Page 29
PRECISION AND ACCURACY......Page 31
t SCORES......Page 33
DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND t TABLES......Page 34
Step 2: Select the Decision Criterion α......Page 36
Step 3: Establish the Critical Values......Page 37
Step 5: Calculate the Standard Deviation (S) and Estimated Standard Error of the Sample (sx)......Page 38
Step 7: Compare the Calculated Value of t with the Critical Values of t, and then accept or Reject the Null Hypothesis......Page 39
Type I and Type II Errors......Page 40
Power of Statistical Tests......Page 41
Directional Hypotheses......Page 43
Testing for Differences between Groups......Page 44
Post Hoc Testing and Subgroup Analyses......Page 45
CHI-SQUARE......Page 46
SCATTERGRAMS AND BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 48
TYPES OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENT......Page 49
Regression......Page 50
LOGISTIC REGRESSION......Page 51
Survival Analysis......Page 52
Choosing an Appropriate Inferential or Correlational Technique......Page 55
Chapter 5: Asking Clinical Questions: Research Methods......Page 57
Experimental Studies......Page 58
CONTROL GROUPS......Page 59
RANDOMIZATION......Page 60
RESTRICTION......Page 61
Research Ethics and Safety......Page 63
NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS......Page 65
POST-MARKETING STUDIES......Page 70
Chapter 6: Answering Clinical Questions I: Searching for and Assessing the Evidence......Page 71
Systematic Reviews......Page 72
META-ANALYSIS......Page 73
SEARCHING FOR INDIVIDUAL STUDIES......Page 75
APPRAISING STUDIES......Page 76
COST-EFFECTIVENESS......Page 77
REFERRING PATIENTS TO APPROPRIATE INFORMATION RESOURCES......Page 78
Validity......Page 80
Reference Values......Page 81
SENSITIVITY......Page 82
SPECIFICITY......Page 83
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves......Page 86
POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE......Page 87
NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE......Page 88
Likelihood Ratios......Page 89
Prediction Rules......Page 92
Decision Analysis......Page 93
POPULATION PYRAMIDS......Page 98
MORTALITY......Page 100
ADJUSTMENT OF RATES......Page 101
PREVALENCE......Page 102
THE “EPIDEMIOLOGIST’S BATHTUB”......Page 103
RELATIVE RISK......Page 104
ODDS RATIO......Page 106
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OUTBREAKS OF DISEASE......Page 108
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATIONS......Page 109
Chapter 9: Ultra-High-Yield Review......Page 113
References......Page 117
Index......Page 119