High Resolution and High Definition Anorectal Manometry

Preface\nContents\n1: Anorectal Functional Anatomy\n	1.1	 Functional Anatomy of the Anal Canal\n		1.1.1	 Internal Anal Sphincter (IAS)\n		1.1.2	 Joined Longitudinal Muscle\n		1.1.3	 External Anal Sphincter (EAS)\n		1.1.4	 Puborectalis Muscle\n	1.2	 Functional Anatomy of the Rectum\n	1.3	 Functional Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor\n		1.3.1	 Levator Ani Muscles\n		1.3.2	 Perineum\n	References\n2: Anorectal Functional Anatomy and Pathophysiology\n	References\n3: Anorectal Manometry: Does It Improve the Pathophysiology Knowledge?\n	3.1	 Introduction\n	3.2	 Definition\n	3.3	 Equipment for Conventional Manometry\n	3.4	 Anorectal Manometry Technique\n		3.4.1	 Balloon Expulsion Test (BET)\n		3.4.2	 ARM and Pathophysiology\n	3.5	 Contraindications to Arm\n	3.6	 Limitations of ARM\n		3.6.1	 High-Resolution Anorectal Manometry\n	References\n4: Concept and Development of HRM: The Way It Works\n	References\n5: Differences Between Conventional Anorectal Manometry and High Resolution/High Definition Anorectal Manometry\n	5.1	 Conventional Anorectal Manometry and Its Limits\n		5.1.1	 Sphincter Resting Pressure\n		5.1.2	 Squeeze Pressure\n		5.1.3	 Straining Maneuver\n		5.1.4	 Rectoanal Inhibitory Reflex (RAIR)\n		5.1.5	 Rectal Compliance and Sensation\n			5.1.5.1	 Conventional ARM Versus High Resolution Anorectal Manometry\n			5.1.5.2	 HDAM Versus HRAM\n	5.2	 Clinical Meaning of HRAM/HDAM\n		5.2.1	 Fecal Incontinence\n		5.2.2	 Chronic Constipation\n		5.2.3	 Hirschsprung Disease\n		5.2.4	 Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation\n	5.3	 HRAM/HDAM: Potentialities and Perspectives\n	5.4	 Conclusions\n	References\n6: Technical Aspects and Equipment\n	6.1	 Conventional Anorectal Manometry\n	6.2	 High-Resolution Water-Perfused Manometry (HRWPM)\n	6.3	 Solid-State High Resolution Manometry\n	6.4	 High Definition 3D Solid-State Manometry (HDAM)\n	References\n7: Performing, Analyzing, and Interpreting HRAM and HDAM Recordings\n	7.1	 Performing HRAM and HDAM\n		7.1.1	 Practical Procedure\n		7.1.2	 Patient Preparation\n		7.1.3	 Patient Position\n		7.1.4	 Digital Examination\n		7.1.5	 Probe Placement\n		7.1.6	 Test Procedure\n			7.1.6.1	 Rest\n			7.1.6.2	 Cough Reflex Test\n		7.1.7	 Squeeze\n		7.1.8	 Simulated Defecation\n		7.1.9	 RAIR (Rectoanal Inhibitory Reflex)\n		7.1.10	 Rectal Sensation, Graded Balloon Distension\n	7.2	 Normal Values for High Resolution Anorectal Manometry\n	7.3	 Which Diagnosis?\n	7.4	 Fecal Incontinence\n	7.5	 Functional Defecation Disorders\n	7.6	 Anatomical Abnormalities\n	7.7	 Hirschsprung’s Disease\n	References\n8: High-Resolution Anorectal Manometry and 3D High-Definition Anorectal Manometry in Pediatric Settings\n	8.1	 Anorectal Physiology\n	8.2	 Equipment\n	8.3	 Methodological Aspects\n		8.3.1	 Preparation of Pediatric Patients and Caregivers\n		8.3.2	 Study Protocol, Analysis, and Interpretation\n		8.3.3	 Reference Values\n	8.4	 Indications\n	8.5	 Future Perspectives and Conclusions\n	References\n9: Atlas\n	9.1	 Resting Pressure\n	9.2	 Squeeze\n	9.3	 Push\n	9.4	 Recto-Anal Inhibitory Reflex\n	9.5	 Cough Reflex\n	9.6	 Paradoxical Puborectalis Contraction\n	9.7	 Paradoxical Contraction with External Anal Sphincter Recruitment\n	9.8	 Anal Sphincter Impaired Relaxation\n	9.9	 Insufficient Resting Pressure\n	9.10	 Insufficient Squeezing\n	9.11	 Anal Sphincter Lesion\n	9.12	 Rectal Prolapse\n	9.13	 Anal Fissure\n	9.14	 Neurologic Damage in Previous Cerebral Hemorrhage Due to Vascular Malformation\n	9.15	 Hirschsprung’s Disease\n	9.16	 Push Maneuver in Patient with Uterine Pessary\n	9.17	 Dyssynergic Defecation Classification According to Rao\n	9.18	 Artifacts\n	Reference\n10: Glossary\n	References