High-Pressure Research: Application to Earth and Planetary Sciences

Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Description of the System......Page 14
Stage......Page 15
Pressure Generation......Page 16
Temperature Generation......Page 18
Beam Characteristic of BL 13......Page 19
Application......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 21
Apparatus......Page 23
Sample Environment......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 27
High Pressure Apparatus......Page 28
Pressure Calibration and Distribution......Page 30
Temperature Calibration and Distribution......Page 32
Deviatoric Stress and Strain......Page 34
Oxygen Fugacity......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 39
Compression of 7-Mg2SiO4 Up to 20 GPa......Page 41
High Pressure X -Ray Diffraction Experimenta t Room and High Temperatures......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
Anvil Material......Page 45
DIA Type Cubic Anvil Apparatus......Page 46
Drickamer Anvil Apparatus......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
Experimental Methods......Page 51
High TemperatureC ell and Phase TransformationS tudy......Page 52
Efficiency of Pressure Generation......Page 54
Phase Transformationsi n SomeA luminousM inerals......Page 55
Conclusion......Page 56
REFERENCES......Page 57
Instrumentation......Page 59
Heating and Temperature Measurement......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 62
Experimental Details......Page 63
Results......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 67
Introduction......Page 69
Pressure Determination......Page 70
The Diamond Anvil Cell and Heating System......Page 72
Test Experiments Using Brucite = Periclase + H20 Reaction......Page 73
Discussion......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 75
Differential Drop-Solution Technique......Page 77
New ImprovedH igh TemperatureC alorimeter......Page 79
Future Directions......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
Introduction......Page 83
Origin of the Samples......Page 84
Effect of Adsorbed Water......Page 87
Effect of Temperature and of Iron Content......Page 89
Effect of Pressure......Page 90
Discussion......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 93
Introduction......Page 94
NaMgo.s Si o.5 Si206......Page 95
CaSi20 5 Phase and Other New Calcium-Silicates......Page 97
MgSiO3-Garnet and Other High-Pressure Silicates......Page 99
Phase E......Page 100
Structureo sf A lkali Silicate Glasses Quenched from Melts at High Pressure......Page 101
Structure of CaSiO3-Perovskite-Inverted Amorphous Phase......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
Experimental Details......Page 106
Clinoenstatite Results......Page 107
Perovkite Results......Page 109
Evidence for a Possible Phase Transition......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 112
Experimental......Page 114
Raman Scattering......Page 116
Acoustic sound velocity......Page 117
Orientation of a single crystal grown in DAC......Page 118
Equation of state......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 121
Introduction......Page 122
High-Pressure Apparatus......Page 123
Pressure Calibration......Page 124
Temperature Calibration......Page 125
Starting Material......Page 127
Grain Size of Polycrystals......Page 128
Path Effect......Page 131
Acoustic Data......Page 134
Conclusions......Page 135
Appendix: Ceramic applications......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
Flash X-Ray Diffraction under Shock Loading......Page 141
Spectroscopy for powder Sample......Page 142
Skin Model......Page 144
Energy Partitioning Model......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 146
Introduction......Page 148
Equation of State......Page 149
Isotropic Elastic Moduli and the Effects of Temperature......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 156
Experimental......Page 158
PressureD ependenceo f theE lastic Constants of Olivine......Page 162
Determination of the Equation of State of Fluids......Page 163
Concluding Comments......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
Introduction......Page 168
Ultrasonic Interferometry--The Phase Comparison Method......Page 169
Exploratory Measurements on Polycrystalline Alumina......Page 170
Extension of the Techniquet o Small Specimens......Page 173
Sample Preparation and Characterisation......Page 176
Results......Page 177
Constraints on Transition Zone Composition......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 181
High P-T X-ray Diffraction Measurements......Page 184
P- V- T Equations of State......Page 186
Discussion......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
Elasticity......Page 191
Phase Transformations......Page 192
Thermal Expansion......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 196
Introduction......Page 197
Bounds on the Water Content of the Lower Mantle......Page 199
Seismic Velocity of a Lower Mantle Containing Small Quantities of Partial Melt......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 204
Experimental......Page 206
Data Reduction......Page 209
Results and Discussion......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 212
Effective Ionic Radius at a Given Bond Length......Page 214
Ionic Compressibility......Page 215
Conclusions......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
Introduction......Page 218
Starting Materials......Page 219
Obsidian......Page 220
Vistreous SiO 2......Page 221
Vitreous Ge02......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
Transformation Mechanisms......Page 225
Transformation-Induced Faulting......Page 228
Reliability of Experimentation in Analogue Systems......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
High Pressure Experiments......Page 232
Optical Microscopy......Page 233
Electron Microscopy......Page 234
Discussion......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 237
Introduction......Page 239
Phase Transformations......Page 240
Chemical Microanalyses......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 248
Phase Transformations and Temperature Profile in the Mantle......Page 250
Phase Transformations and Gravitational Force in the Descending Slab......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
Homologous Temperature Dependence of Mechanical Properties of Peridotite......Page 256
Relation Between Viscosity and Seismic Q......Page 257
Seismic Structure Beneath the Northeastern Japan......Page 258
Viscosity Structure Beneath the Northeastern Japan......Page 259
Rheology and Island Arc Volcanism......Page 260
REFERENCES......Page 261
Introduction......Page 262
PreviousR esearcohn High-Pressure Hydrous Magnesium Silicates......Page 263
Phase A......Page 264
Phase E......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 266
Introduction......Page 268
Starting Material......Page 269
Oxygen Fugacity Control......Page 270
Analyses......Page 271
Results......Page 272
Concluding Remarks......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
SIMS......Page 275
Results and Discussion......Page 276
Conclusion......Page 278
REFERENCE......Page 279
Experimental......Page 280
Chondrodite: Significance and Zero Pressure Spectrum......Page 281
300-K Pressure Shifts of Chondrodite Vibrational Bands......Page 282
Structure of Laser-Heated Chondrodite......Page 284
High-Pressure Pyroxene Reaction with Water......Page 285
REFERENCES......Page 286
Experimental......Page 288
Grossular......Page 289
Hibschite......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 294
Introduction......Page 296
Starting Materials......Page 297
Experimental Results......Page 298
Discussions......Page 299
Appendix: Least Squares of Fitting of the Partition Data......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 303
Experimental Procedure......Page 305
Melting of MgSi03 Perovskite......Page 306
Melting of Mg o.9. Feo.12SiO4......Page 308
Gasparik, 1990.......Page 310
REFERENCES......Page 311
High Pressure Experiments......Page 313
Experimental Results......Page 314
Texture......Page 315
Pressure-temperature phase diagram......Page 316
Composition of the quenchedl iquid......Page 317
Effect of Water during Crystallization of Magma Ocean......Page 319
Effect of Water on Melt Composition......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 321
Introduction......Page 322
Characterization of Recovered Specimens......Page 323
Results......Page 324
Shock Veins......Page 327
Implications to the Origin of Chondrites......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
Introduction......Page 330
High Pressure and Temperature Experiment and Analysis of the Run Products......Page 331
Partitioning of Transition Elements and Silicon Between Mg-Perovskite and Iron, and Magnesiowustite and Iron......Page 332
Partitioning of the Elements Between the Mantle Minerals and the Ultrabasic Magma......Page 333
Mantle-Core Interaction in the Primordial Earth and theTransition Metal Abundances in the Mantle......Page 334
The Effects of Fractionations at Very High Pressure on theTransition Metal Abundance in the Mantle......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
Introduction......Page 339
Compressional Velocities......Page 340
Shear Velocities......Page 341
Poisson's Ratio......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
Experimental Methods......Page 348
Pressure-Volume Equationo f State......Page 351
Implications for Core Composition......Page 353
REFERENCES......Page 355
Introduction......Page 357
The SolubilityE nhancemenot f Hydrogeni n Metals Under High Pressures......Page 358
The Phase Diagram......Page 359
Hydrogen Volume Under Pressure......Page 360
Consequences of the Fe-H20 Reaction in the Magma Ocean: Dissolution of Light Elements in the Proto-Core......Page 362
Density Deficit of the Outer and Inner Core: Its Interpretation in Terms of Dissolved Light Elements......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 367
Theoretical Models of Uranus......Page 370
ShockC ompression Experiments and the Giant Planets......Page 371
Hydrogen......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 374
Introduction......Page 375
Observational Data......Page 377
Models of Jupiter......Page 378
Models of Saturn......Page 380
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382
Introduction......Page 384
EOS in the Ice XII Phase......Page 385
Qualitative Discussions on Stable Structures......Page 386
REFERENCES......Page 389
Raman Scattering......Page 390
Diamond, BN, β-SiC......Page 391
SiC-polytypes: 6H and 15R......Page 392
Graphite......Page 394
REFERENCES......Page 397
Experiments......Page 398
Results......Page 399
Discussion......Page 400
REFERENCES......Page 401
Structure and Equation of State......Page 403
Raman Frequencies......Page 404
Elasticity......Page 405
GeophysicaIlm plications......Page 407
REFERENCES......Page 408
Computer-Experimenta......Page 410
Static Simulation at 0 K......Page 411
Conclusion......Page 413
REFERENCES......Page 415
Introduction......Page 417
Conventional Phenomenological  Treatment of Pressure-Induced Phase Transition......Page 418
Antiphase Fluctuations......Page 419
Summary and Discussion......Page 421
REFERENCES......Page 422
Introduction......Page 423
Equilibrium Phase Boundary of the Rutile-aPb02 Transitionin Ti02......Page 424
Compression of aPbO2-Type Tio 2......Page 426
Equilibrium Phase Relations in MgSi03......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 429
Experimental......Page 432
The Crystal Structure of the High Pressure Phase......Page 433
The Stable Region of the Baddeleyite Phase......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 436
Experimental......Page 437
Result......Page 438
Discussion......Page 439
REFERENCES......Page 442
Experimental......Page 443
Results......Page 444
Stable Region of the A-Type Phase at Room Temperature......Page 446
Crystal Structures of the A- and C-Type......Page 447
REFERENCES......Page 448
High Pressure Studies on Zr......Page 450
Experimental......Page 451
Results and Discussion......Page 452
Results and Discussion......Page 454
Summary......Page 455
REFERENCES......Page 456
Introduction......Page 457
Raman Spectra......Page 459
X-Ray Diffraction......Page 460
Discussion......Page 461
REFERENCES......Page 463
Sample Preparation......Page 465
High Pressure Apparatus......Page 467
Densityo f theP ressure-InduceAdm orphous......Page 468
Mode of the Pressure-Induced Amorphization......Page 470
REFERENCE......Page 473
Introduction......Page 474
Experimental Methods......Page 477
Pressure Dependence of the Raman Spectra of Quartz-Structured and Glassy Ge02......Page 478
High Resolution Electron Microscopy......Page 481
Brillouin Scattering Measurements of Ge02 Glass......Page 482
Summary......Page 485
REFERENCES......Page 486
Experimental Methods......Page 489
Results......Page 490
Discussion......Page 492
Two-State Model......Page 493
REFERENCES......Page 494
Author Index......Page 496
Index......Page 498