High-Pressure Research in Mineral Physics: A Volume in Honor of Syun-iti Akimoto

Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
A Tribute to Syun-iti Akimoto
......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Introduction......Page 12
Phase Equilibrium Investigation Using QuenchingTechnique......Page 14
High-Pressure/ High-TemperatureI n Situ Measurements......Page 16
Outlook of High-Pressure Geophysics Research in theNear Future......Page 19
How Did the Earth's  Core Form?......Page 20
How Much Can We Reduce the Uncertainty of TemperatureMeasurements at High Pressures......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 22
Large-Volume Flat Belt FB Apparatus......Page 25
Design Procedures......Page 26
Shape of Dies and Anvils......Page 27
FEM Analysis for Die and Anvil......Page 29
Press Fitting......Page 31
Sample Chamber Design......Page 32
30,000-Ton Hydraulic Press......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 36
X-Ray Diffraction with S D Anvils......Page 37
Experimental Procedures......Page 38
Experimental Results......Page 39
Discussion......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 41
The Abrasion of Diamond......Page 42
Sawing......Page 43
Laser Cutting......Page 44
Anvil Design......Page 45
Future Possibilities......Page 46
REFFRENCES......Page 47
Introduction......Page 48
Experimental Design......Page 49
Calibration......Page 50
Optical Distortions at High Pressure......Page 51
Hydrostatic Compressiono f Glasses:E xperimental Testof the Image Shearing Technique......Page 54
Results......Page 55
Glass......Page 56
REFERENCES......Page 57
Lifetime of the R Fluorescence Line of Ruby......Page 59
Measurement of the Lifetime......Page 60
Experimental Results......Page 61
Discussion......Page 62
Simultaneous Temperature and Pressure Measurementin DAC's......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
Introduction......Page 66
Design and Operation......Page 67
Applications......Page 69
Antimony......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 72
High-Temperature Diamond-Anvil Cell......Page 74
Experimental Results......Page 76
Conclusions......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 79
Introduction......Page 80
Experimental......Page 81
Results and Discussion......Page 83
REFERENCES......Page 87
Choice of the Starting Compositions......Page 89
Experimental Procedure......Page 90
Experimental Results......Page 91
Discussion......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 94
Introduction......Page 96
Experiments......Page 97
Textural Observations by SEM......Page 98
Chemical Analyses by EPMA......Page 100
Eutectic Temperatures......Page 104
Discussion......Page 106
Phase Relations in the System Fe-Ni-O-S......Page 108
Core Formation Process......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 111
Introduction......Page 113
Optical Properties in Relation to TemperatureMeasurement......Page 115
Temperature Gradients......Page 116
Experimental Technique......Page 118
Temperature Fluctuations and Their Determination......Page 121
Measurement of Temperature Gradients and the RadonTransform......Page 122
Summary and Conclusions......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
Instrumentation......Page 128
Data......Page 129
Sample Analysis......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 132
Experimental Technique......Page 133
Results and Discussion......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
Introduction......Page 137
Experimental Procedure......Page 138
Room- Temperature Compressions......Page 139
Systematics of Ko in Pyroxene-Garnet Join......Page 141
Thermal Expansion of Garnets Under Pressure......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 143
Experimental Methods......Page 144
Results and Discussion......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 148
Experimental Methods......Page 150
Experimental Results......Page 151
Discussion......Page 152
Comparison of a-Fe--e-Fe Transition Studies......Page 156
Conclusions......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
Introduction......Page 159
Results......Page 160
Hysteresis of the Phase Transition......Page 163
Mechanism of the bcc-hcp Phase Transition......Page 164
Phase Boundary of the bcc-hcp Transition in Iron......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
Experiment......Page 167
Results......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
Experimental......Page 171
High-Pressure Apparatus......Page 172
Phase Diagram of Mg2Ge04......Page 174
Kinetics of the Phase Transformation......Page 175
The Integration Method......Page 176
Full Data PO WLS Method......Page 178
Results and Conclusions......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 180
Introduction......Page 181
Accuracy of the EXAFS Analysis......Page 182
EXAFS Under Pressure......Page 185
XANES......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
Introduction......Page 188
Experimental Methods......Page 189
Results......Page 190
Discussion......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
Introduction......Page 194
Suppression of Diamond Nucleation by RegrownGraphite......Page 195
Solubility Difference between Source Graphite andDiamond......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 198
High Pressure and High Temperature Apparatus......Page 199
Experimental Results and Discussions......Page 201
Conclusions......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 209
Experimental Procedures......Page 210
Ultrahigh-PressureP haseE quilibria and TheirGeophysicaIlm plications......Page 211
Constitution of the Deep Mantle......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
Experimental Methods......Page 219
Experimental Techniques......Page 220
Experimental Results......Page 221
CaSi03 Perovskite in the Upper Mantle......Page 222
Implications for the Constitution and Dynamics of the Mantle......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 229
Introduction......Page 231
Experimental Technique......Page 232
Results......Page 233
Discussion......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 237
Introduction......Page 239
Experimental Methods......Page 240
Pyroxene-Garnet Transition in the Mantle......Page 244
Density and Bulk Sound Velocity Profiles in the Mantle......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 247
Calorimetric Results and Phase Relations......Page 249
MnSi03......Page 251
CaGe03 and CdGe03......Page 252
Energy Systematics......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 256
Experimental Methods......Page 257
Results and Considerations......Page 258
Discussion......Page 260
REFERENCES......Page 262
Results and Discussion......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 265
Experiments......Page 267
Results......Page 268
Distortion of the Octahedron......Page 270
Calculation of Ox/OP......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
Introduction......Page 274
The Thermodynamic Identities......Page 275
The Strategy......Page 276
Computation of Thermodynamic Parameters whichOrdinarily Involve Compression......Page 278
The Temperature Variation of Bulk Modulus......Page 279
Anharmonicity......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 282
Volume Compression......Page 284
Results and Discussion......Page 285
Volume Compression......Page 288
REFERENCES......Page 289
Outline of Computational Method......Page 290
The Fluorite to I-PD02 Transition......Page 291
Successfual nd UnsuccessfuRl uns......Page 292
Disordered a-PbO2-type Structures......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 296
Introduction......Page 297
Perovskite Structure......Page 298
Results and Discussion......Page 299
Lattice Dynamics of Distorted Perovskite......Page 301
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of StructuralProperties......Page 304
Thermoelastic Properties......Page 309
Composition Models of the Lower Mantle......Page 311
REFERENCES......Page 314
Experimental......Page 316
Results and Discussion......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 320
Experimental......Page 321
Results and Discussions......Page 322
Conclusions......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 325
Introduction......Page 326
Quartz......Page 327
Coesite......Page 331
Elastic Compression of Quartz and Coesite......Page 332
Higher Pressure Effects in Quartz and Coesite......Page 335
Thermodynamic Implications......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
Definitions and Derivations......Page 339
Fayalite......Page 340
Discussion......Page 345
Summary......Page 346
REFERENCES......Page 347
Introduction......Page 348
Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 349
Equation of State of Mg,Fe2SiO4......Page 351
Sound Velocities and Temperatures for Shocked Olivine......Page 355
Conclusions......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
Introduction......Page 360
Experimental Procedure......Page 361
Results......Page 362
Discussion......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 367
Introduction......Page 368
Experimental Method......Page 369
Results......Page 372
Discussion......Page 375
REFERENCES......Page 376
Introduction......Page 378
Model Considerations......Page 379
Basic Model Assumptions......Page 380
Initial Conditions......Page 382
Release and Reshock States......Page 384
Application to Fe Targets......Page 386
Conduction in the Targ......Page 388
Radiative Transport in the Target......Page 391
Summary......Page 396
Choice of the Starting Material and ExperimentalConditions......Page 399
Experimental Procedures......Page 400
Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis......Page 401
Mineral Paragenesisin Mantle Peridotite along a ModelGeotherm......Page 407
REFERENCES......Page 408
Introduction......Page 410
Mantle Model......Page 411
400 km Discontinuity......Page 413
Transition Zone: 400-670 km......Page 414
Conclusions......Page 416
REFERENCES......Page 417
Equation of State......Page 418
Birch Equation......Page 419
Interdependenceo f K and K'......Page 420
Conclusions......Page 422
REFERENCES......Page 425
1. Introduction......Page 426
3.1. General Remarks......Page 427
3.3. Grain Boundary Migration Growth......Page 428
3.4. The Controlling Factors of Lattice......Page 430
Mechanism Maps for Olivine......Page 433
4. ComparisoWn ith Geologicaln dG eophysicalObservationasn di mplicationfso r SeismicA nisotropyin the Upper Mantle......Page 436
5. Discussion......Page 438
6. Summary......Page 439
REFERENCES......Page 440
Observations Related to Arc Volcanism......Page 443
A Heat Source Paradox......Page 444
Convection and Diapirs......Page 446
Model with Buoyant Flow Beneath the Volcanic Belt......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 450
Author Index......Page 451
Index......Page 453